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Semiconductor Products Sector Application Note
An HC11-Controlled Multiband RDS Radio
By Peter Topping Motorola, Ltd.
East Kilbride, Scotland
Order this document by AN494/D Rev. 1
AN494
Introduction
This application note describes the software and hardware features of the microcontroller (MCU) of a synthesized multiband radio which includes RDS (radio data system) decoding (FM, band II). It uses an MC68HC(7)11 MCU whose program can be on-chip or contained in an external EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory). ROM versions are available.
Both LCD (liquid crystal display) and VFD (vacuum fluorescent display) 16-character dot matrix display modules can be used to display RDS and tuning information. Traffic messages, initiated by the reception of EON (enhanced other networks) data (group 14B) or TA = TP = 1 (traffic announcement = traffic program = 1) on the current frequency, are handled. The station carrying the TA is tuned for the duration of the message, followed by a return to the original frequency. A tuning knob employing an incremental encoder is supported.
Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the application. The controller hardware and software are described in detail here. The other hardware is not covered to the same depth, because that varies between different implementations, the intention being to describe a controller which could
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© Motorola, Inc., 2001
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Application Note
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be added to an existing radio or to one which includes only one or two of the possible bands.
Separate FM and AM PLLs (phase-locked loop) are shown. This is not essential, but it reduces the amount of band switching necessary and simplifies hardware fault finding. The illustrated configuration corresponds to that used by the author for software development and debugging.
4 BBC4 FM 21:40
IRQ
M68HC11 XIRQ
RDS DEMOLATOR
C D
MC 145170
÷5
FM TUNER
INCREMENTAL ENCODER
MC 145157
BRAND SELECT
STANDBY
AM TUNER
SW MEM. SELECT
MUTE
FM IF SELECT
TA=TP=1
DISPLAY SELECT
LCD MUX
M/S
IRQ CONTROL
RDS
7
4
1
0
:
MC 14028
TA
SL
8
5
2
9/10
–
9
6
3
TA TEST
+
AL
S/S
MODE
CL ST
2
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ONOFF
Figure 1. Main Block Diagram
The MCU used is the MC68HC(7)11. The MC68HC711K4 (K4) [and similar chips such as the MC68HC711P2 (P2) and MC68HC711PH8 (PH8)] can be used in expanded mode, but this application has been included in the ROM of an E32 and a PH8.
To use the ROMed parts in this application, the first three bytes of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) should contain an extended jump to the appropriate start address. The E32 (ZC403311) requires $7E, $90, and $00 at addresses $B600, $B601, and $B602, while the PH8 (ZC428200 or ZC428202) requires $7E, $40, and $00 at
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STEREO & AUDIO
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Application Note Introduction
addresses $0D00, $0D01, and $0D02. This can be done using either PCbug11 or the BUFFALO (bit users fast friendly aid to logical operation) monitor (see reference 5). The E32 version uses all the input/output (I/O) and can, therefore, be used only in single-chip mode. The circuit diagram of the HC11E controller is shown in Figure 3 and the circuit diagram of the K4/PH8 in Figure 4. The K4/PH8 version shows the additional hardware (within the dotted line) used to develop and debug the software on a K4 using PCbug11. This implementation uses two of the K4’s chip selects to enable external memories allowing debug to be done with the code in RAM and the PCbug11 talker in an EPROM. This arrangement requires a further four I/O (input/output) lines, leaving 30 for use in the application. The description of the application, and the listed software, corresponds to the E32 ROMed version (ZC403311). Later sections list the port allocation and functional differences which apply to the PH8 ROMed versions (ZC428200 and ZC428202).
Forty programs (10 on FM, 10 on MW and 20 on SW) can be stored using the HC11E’s on-chip EEPROM (the PH8 has 20 additional SW (shortwave) programs). Each contains frequency, an 8-character name [PS (program service) name on a station with RDS] and, on FM only, PI (program identification) code and a TA inhibit bit. For stations with no RDS (for example, all AM stations), the saved name can be manually entered. Programs saved with no name use their frequency instead. The SW banks are selected by an I/O line (two for the PH8). When the MCU is reset, or any of the band or memory select inputs are changed, the last used program in the selected band is tuned. This feature does not require that the MCU is permanently powered up, as this information is also stored in non-volatile EEPROM.
The keyboard uses an MC14028 decoder to minimize the number of I/O lines used. Either LCD or VFD 16-digit dot matrix displays can be used. The VFD display driver supported is the MSC7128, and the LCD driver the HD44780. This driver on its own provides a 16-way multiplexed LCD. In conjunction with an HD44100, it can facilitate an 8-way multiplexed higher contrast display. The input level on a port pin selects the appropriate type of multiplexing to match the display in use. To minimize the I/O activity, only one display is driven, the choice between LCD and VFD again being determined by an I/O line.
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Application Note
4
AN494 MOTOROLA
MC145170 and MC145157 PLLs are supported, using the same data and clock lines as the VFD driver, along with dedicated chip selects. The MC145157 requires an external prescaler for frequencies above 20 MHz, but the MC145170 has an on-chip 160-MHz capability.
A tuning knob can be included by using an incremental encoder. This can utilize either IRQ or XIRQ. As IRQ is used for the RDS clock, XIRQ is most appropriate for the tuning function. The possibility of using IRQ (see information described later) has been included to facilitate debug with PCbug11, which can employ XIRQ for its communication with the PC. Edges detected on the encoder execute the PS edit and alarm setup functions of the +/– (plus/minus) keys, depending on the direction of rotation. This provides a quick and convenient method of editing the PS name and changing the alarm time. A difference in function between the encoder and the +/– keys applies in normal mode. The program number is not affected by the tuning knob. In this mode, when the +/– keys control the program number, the tuning knob increments or decrements the frequency.
Two I/O lines are used to select the band. These lines are regularly monitored; if they change, the radio is retuned to the last used station in the selected band. Table 1 shows the bands which are available.
•
•
•
Band 2 is intended for single-conversion (low IF, intermediate frequency) MW or SW radios. The large step size of 9 or 10 kHz is suitable for MW rather than SW, but the small step size of 1 kHz is suitable for either SW or MW.
Band 3 is for dual-conversion (10.7-MHz first IF) SW designs. The FM IF offset is selected as + or –, according to the level on port A, bit 2 (high: LO high; low: LO low).
Bands 0 and 1 both are intended for VHF/FM, the difference between them being in the use of the M68HC11’s IRQ pin. It is possible to use IRQ interrupts for both RDS and the tuning knob, as the two functions are not required simultaneously. To facilitate this, the band-select inputs affect the function performed when an edge is detected in the IRQ pin. When band 0 is selected, an RDS bit is read, but in any other band the incremental encoder function is performed. This enables automatic selection of function if bit 0
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Application Note Introduction
on port A is taken high when movement is detected from the shaft encoder. This facility can be disabled (RDS function only) by holding bit 3 of port A low. This should be done if XIRQ is being used for the tuning knob. As XIRQ is level-sensitive, some additional components are required to interface it with the incremental encoder. Figure 2 shows a simple circuit which can be used for this purpose.
Table 1. Available Bands
Band
PA1
PA0
IF Offset
Step
Memory
Use
Prescaler MC145157 Only
0
0
0
+/–10,700
50, 10
10
VHF
10
1
0
1
+/–10,700
50, 10
10
VHF
10
2
1
0
455
9 (or 10), 1
10
MW/SW
—
3
1
1
10,700
5
20/40
SW
5
5V
1M
Figure 2. Incremental Encoder Interface Circuit
10 kΩ x 2
1 n x2
1N914
100 kΩ
INCREMENTAL ENCODER
1N914
E5
XIRQ 1
H C 1
100 n
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Application Note
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: 7 4 1 0
SL–+ 67
1 Q5 Q6 16
5V
RDS DEMODULATOR
RDS TA 9/10
TA TEST
MC68HC11E32 52-PIN PLCC (56-PIN SDIP)
5 V
8 9 AL Q4+ 5V 15 M
A2
33(36)
+10.7
(FM IF)
2 M
10 kΩ
x3 2652
373635
(40) (39) (38) 9
424140 (45) (44) (43)
C3 1
(29) (27) (55) VDDVRH
16
4 0
B5B6B7 C
B0B1B2 38(41)
B4 MC145170
64
17 RESET 3 MOD A 2 MODB
B1 41(44) B0 42(45)
3
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INCREMENTAL ENCODER
18 XIRQ 44(47) E4
5 6 S/S Q3CC 12 24(25) D4 232 Q214 13 23(24)
–10.7
MODEST ON
CL OFF
8 A 10 22(23) D2 D–
10 kΩ x4
TA = TP = 1
14Q102 B D3
A7
27(30)
+16
+8 (LCD MUX)
118
E7
50(53)
LCD (DISP. SEL.) VFD
19 IRQ 46(49) E5
B3
39(42)
MC145157
31(34) A3
A4 D5
30(33) 25(26)
MUTE STANDBY
49(52) E3 47(50) E2 45(48) E1 43(46) E0
–VSS–
VRL EXTAL XTAL
E6
A1
A0
A6 A5
(21) 1 (56) 51 (54)
48
0.1 μ
10μRSR/W E D0D7–1 4 5 6 7 14
~ 5 V –HT Vf
7 10 M 8
33 (51) (36)
34 (37)
28 29 5 V (31) (32)
2 + VLCD + LCDMODULE
3
10 kΩ
CD VFD MODULE E
33p 33p
8.388 MHz
BAND & MEM
100 kΩ x3
Figure 3. MC68HC11E32 Circuit
M/S
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Application Note Introduction
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RS 232 (25-WAY)
15 4 5 6 S/S
Q3
M1276 C1C
21 7 A10 C
123 2
D4 D3 D2
24 A9 25 A8 3 A7
64
A9 A8 A7 A0
0 MODE CL
OFF
81074
A0–A7
A0
ST ON 14
Q1
5 V
2 +
RSR/W ED0D7–1
VFD MODULE ~
TA TEST
MC68HC11K4 (PH8)
C A 1 3 M6
RDS TA
SL — + 6 7
84-PIN PLCC
2 A12 23 A11
26 2 23 21 24 25 3
A12 0 A11 2
1 7 8 9 AL
Q5 Q4
Q+6 16
5V
2
5 A10 6
2
M x4
10μ 4 5 6 7 14
5V –HT Vf
C3
1
31 30 29 1
78
12 13 14 H0H1H2
18
4 0 6 4
69 –VDD– VRH (70) RESET
G2 G3 G4 A
H6 16 H4
PLLs (5157 / 5170
(20) MODB 370
G0 33 D5 77
MUTE STANDBY
RDS 54 DEMODULATOR 37
IRQ
17(–) CSGP1H5 26(–)
20 27 1
28 +
21 INCREMENTAL 38
XIRQ
R/WG7 32(–) XA14 G1
ENCODER
15
E4 A3
5V 20
28 27 1
+ PGM VPP
10 kΩ x4
(PH8 ONLY)
5 V
(-) (-)
(-)
22 μF x 4
kΩ kΩ + + + +
Q2
41376 02B
DA
53 (-) 55 (-)
10 19
10
11 8
D7 D0
–
19
D7
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10
0.1μ
+
kΩ
2 23 34 64 44
71 MODA
H1 13 H0 12
39 40
E3 E2
DATA C
D0
E5
CE R/W A14
41E1–V – V EXTALXTAL A7
14 22
42E0 SS
3 24 45 63 43
RL
E7E6G8G5
D0D1XIRQ 72 73 21
5V
67 68(66) 78 10 M
35 36 27 28
33 p
100 kΩ x4
33 p
8.388 MHz
11 VCC VDD C1- C1+C2- C2+VSS GND 10 2
LCD MODULE
100 kΩ
10 10
19 1718 203 14 21315
7
BAND&MEM
12I3 MC145407 T39 3 O3 R3
Figure 4. MC68HC11K4 and PH8 Circuit
3 10 VLCD kΩ
C D E
CSPROG H7 A13 B5 A12 B4 A11 B3 A10 B2 A9 B1 A8 B0
19 (-) 6 (-) 7 (-) 8 (-) 9 (-) 10 (-) 11 (-) 46 (-)
CE 26 NC
M
62 (-)
11—OE 11 14 22
— OE
5 V
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Application Note
Frequency Synthesis
8
AN494 MOTOROLA
Synthesis of the local oscillator (LO) in a superheterodyne radio provides many advantages over mechanical tuning. The main benefits are:
• Tuning accuracy
• Stability
• Storing of often-used frequencies.
The accuracy and stability result from the fact that the LO is phase- locked to a crystal oscillator. In conjunction with RDS, frequency synthesis provides the additional facility of allowing the radio to retune itself to a traffic announcement or news bulletin. A synthesizer can be retrofitted to most radios by replacing the tuning capacitor with a varicap diode. The voltage biasing the varicap is supplied by the synthesizer and also can be used to provide RF (radio frequency) tuning. Alternatively, manual preselector or no RF tuning can be employed.
Motorola’s MC145157 and MC145170 synthesizers are two of a series offering a variety of options including serial or parallel interfacing and single or dual modulus prescaling. The MC145157 requires a prescaler for frequencies above 20 MHz but the MC145170 can handle input frequencies up to 160 MHz. The MC145157 has been included to retain compatibility with hardware developed for use with the MC68HC05B4 synthesizer described in ANE416 (reference 1).
Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the MC145170. It uses the Motorola bitgrabber system, whereby the number of bits sent determines the register which is written to. There is, therefore, no need for the control bit which is required by the MC145157.
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1 OSCOut 2
REFOut 3
CLOCK 7 DATA IN 5
DATA OUT 8 ENABLE 6
f 4 INPUT In AMP
Application Note Frequency Synthesis
9 fR
OSCIn
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15
3
11
LD
13
PDOut
14 15
16
15-STAGE R COUNTER
SHIFT REGISTER AND CONTROL LOGIC
BITGRABBER C REG
8 BITS
PHRASE/FREQUENCY DETECTOR A & CONTROL
16-STAGE N COUNTER
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The MC145157 is specified to operate up to 20 MHz, so prescaling is required on FM and SW (10.7-MHz IF). For this SW band, divide-by-5
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9
OSC
4-STAGE REFERENCE DIVIDER
The reference counter divides the 8-MHz crystal oscillator (10 MHz for the MC145157) down to the reference frequency (in this case, 1 kHz for the MC145157 and 10 kHz for the MC145170) at which the comparison is made with the (also divided down) local oscillator. The filtered output of the phase comparator supplies the tuning voltage to the local oscillator. The numbers chosen as the divide ratios determine the frequency at which this oscillator stabilizes. The equation that follows shows the relationship between the various frequencies where P is the LO prescaler (MC145157 only). The received frequency can be changed by altering the LO divide ratio. The MCU takes care of the decimal-to- binary conversion, IF offset, and the other arithmetic required.
LO frequency = RF + IF = P x [(Xtal frequency) / (ref. divide ratio)] x LO divide ratio
fR CONTROL
BITGRABBER R REG
15 BITS
LOCK DETECTOR AND CONTROL
POR
BITGRABBER N REG
16 BITS
PHRASE/FREQUENCY DETECTOR B & CONTROL
∅R ∅V
16
10 fV
fV CONTROL
Figure 5. MC145170 Block Diagram
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Application Note
prescaling is used; for FM, divide-by-10 is used. This increases the minimum step size to 10 kHz of FM, which is ideal for this band, and to 5 kHz on SW, which is suitable for almost all broadcast stations. The MC145170 does not require any prescaling even on the FM band and can use this to advantage by allowing the use of a higher reference frequency, making the low-pass filter design less critical.
An important part of any PLL is the loop filter. The filter in Figure 6 is an active filter using the double-ended phase detector outputs from the MC145170 feeding a CA3460 operational amplifier. This dual op-amp allows the simple double-ended low-pass filter to be followed by a second order Sallen and Key filter. An active filter has the added advantage of increasing the available voltage swing beyond the supply rail of the MC145170/MC145157.
31
16
8.0 MHz
10 M 1n
4
38 6
1
7805
12 V
100 n
100 n
150 kΩ
62 kΩ
2
100 n
47 n
OSCIn
OSCOut fIn
E
D
C VSS
∅R ∅V
VDD
30 pf
2
14
10 n 6
5
7
CA3620
15
150 kΩ 100 n
10 n
4k3
3 2
8
1
4
41 5
62 kΩ
27 kΩ 22 kΩ
4n7
42 7
2k2
10 kΩ
47 pf LO
100 μ
10 kΩ
μC
B4 B1 B0
12 MC145170
TUNING
10 n
10
AN494 MOTOROLA
Figure 6. MC145170 Circuit
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Application Note Radio Data System
The combination of active filter and double-ended phase detector outputs makes it simple to select the correct relationship between voltage and frequency. Usually, the fixed side of the varicap diode is grounded, so increased voltage increases the frequency of the oscillator; in some oscillator designs, the fixed side may be taken to the supply rail, and increasing the voltage will decrease the frequency. With the filter design shown here, the choice can be made simply by swapping the phase detector outputs from the PLLs.
Radio Data System
The radio data system (RDS) adds a digital data capability to the FM VHF transmissions on band II (87.5 to 108 MHz). The specification is defined in CENELEC EN 50067 (formerly EBU Technical Document 3244, see reference 2). An MC68HC05E0 implementation of RDS is described in AN460, (reference 5). It monitors the RDS activity on the MPX signal of a VHF radio but is not able to tune the radio and, therefore, cannot, use AF (alternative frequencies) or EON data. This application can tune the radio and uses EON data to retune the radio when a traffic announcement is taking place on another frequency. An announcement is initiated by a packet 14B and the radio retunes if TAs are enabled. At the end of the TA, the original station is re-tuned. TAs are not active in standby mode (standby line high).
To transmit the data, a subcarrier is added at 57 kHz. This subcarrier is amplitude-modulated with the shaped bi-phase coded data signal. The subcarrier itself is suppressed to avoid data modulated cross-talk in phase-locked-loop stereo decoders and to maintain compatibility with the German ARI system which uses the same subcarrier frequency. Information is sent in groups of four 26-bit blocks. Each group of 104 bits is one of several types containing different information. It is up to the broadcaster to decide which features are transmitted as long as the specified format is adhered to and PI, PTY, and TP are included. Each group contains a different subset of the RDS features; a list of all currently defined features is shown in Table 2.
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Application Note
The retrieval of data is carried out by demodulation hardware, which generates clock and data signals that can be used by the MCU. Suitable devices which can perform this function include SAA6579, SAA7579T (plus an external filter), TDA7330, LA2231, and RDS hybrids.
Table 2. RDS Features
Feature
Information
PI
Program identification
PTY
Program type
PS
Program service name
RT
Radiotext
CT
Clock time and date
AF
Alternative frequencies
TA
Traffic announcement
TP
Traffic program
MS
Music/speech switch
DI
Decoder identification
PIN
Program item number
EON
Enhanced other networks
TDC
Transparent data channel
INH
In-house data
This application supports PI, PTY, PS, RT, CT, TP, TA, MS, DI, PIN, and EON. These features facilitate permanent display of the 8-digit station name (PS) and time (CT), and, on request, can display program type (PTY), radiotext data (RT), and the status of the other RDS information (see Table 5).
EON data can be displayed and used to switch to traffic announcements, but the retuning features associated with AF are not supported, as they are appropriate only for a radio intended for use in a vehicle. In a car radio, AF data would be used to tune the radio to the strongest signal carrying the selected service. PI is a 2-byte number which identifies the
12
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Application Note Radio Data System
country, coverage area, and service. It can be used by the control MCU but is not normally intended for display. A change in PI code causes the initialization of all RDS data as it indicates that the radio has been retuned. This application facilitates the display of the current PI code.
PTY is a 5-bit number which indicates the current program type. At present, 16 of these types are defined. Examples include “no programme type,” “Current affairs,” and “Pop music,” although the actual syntax which is displayed is determined by the software of the controlling MCU. In this example, PTY can be displayed on request; Table 3 shows the display used for each PTY code.
PS is the 8-character name of the station and is permanently displayed (except in standby mode). In the absence of RDS (for example, AM bands), the name can be entered manually. If none is entered, then the frequency is used as the station name when the program is stored in EEPROM.
Radiotext (RT) constitutes a string of up to 64 characters which give additional information regarding the service or program currently being transmitted. In this application, RT is displayed on request on the 16-digit dot matrix displays, using scrolling. The data often contains extra spaces to center the text on a 2 x 32 character display. As these are not appropriate for a 16-character scrolling display, the software reduces all sequences of two or more spaces to a single space.
CT (clock time and date) data is transmitted every minute on the minute and provides a very accurate clock, traceable to national standards. The (modified Julian) date and local time variation are also transmitted. Time is permanently displayed. In standby mode (see information later), the date is displayed instead of the PS name. The MJD number, which is the form in which the date is received, can also be displayed. The MCU converts this number into day-of-week, day-of-month, month and year.
AF would be used by a car radio to retune to the strongest signal carrying the selected service. AF data, along with TDC (transparent data channel) and INH (in-house data), is not used in this application.
TA and TP are flags. TP is set if the transmitter normally carries traffic information and TA is set if a traffic announcement is in progress. The
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Application Note
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combination — TA = 1 and TP = 0 — is used to indicate that EON data is being used to supply information on other networks, including traffic announcements. A port line (port A, bit 5) is asserted (low) when
TA = TP = 1. This can be used to demute or switch from another source (for instance, cassette when a TA occurs).
Table 3. PTY Types
PTY
Display
0
no program type
1
News
2
Current affairs
3
Information
4
Sport
5
Education
6
Drama
7
Culture
8
Science
9
Varied
10
Pop music
11
Rock music
12
Easy listening
13
Light classics
14
Serious classics
15
Other music
16–31
no program type
14
AN494 MOTOROLA
M/S is a single bit indicating either music or speech and is intended to be used to make a tone or volume adjustment to a radio’s audio stage. The M/S bit is displayed on request. A port line (port A, bit 6) is asserted (low) when M/S = 1. This can be used to control external hardware.
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Keyboard
The keyboard has 23 keys. Table 4 shows the layout and Table 5 contains a summary of key functions against mode.
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Application Note Radio Data System
Decoder information (DI) constitutes four bits indicating the type of transmission (mono, stereo, binaural, etc.). Currently, it is not in use in the United Kingdom, but it can be displayed as a number between
1 and 15.
Program item number (PIN) is used to identify the program currently being broadcast. The format is a 2-byte number which includes the scheduled time and date (day of month) of the start of the program. PIN can be displayed as four hexadecimal digits or fully decoded to day of month and time.
EON (enhanced other networks) replaces the older ON format. If type 14 groups are used to provide EON data, then type 3 groups (ON) will not be used. Type 14A groups are used to send information about other networks. The PS name and principal frequency of up to 16 other networks can be displayed. Type 14B groups are used to switch to traffic announcements; they include the PI code of the station carrying the announcement. This PI code is searched for in NVM, and the required station is tuned if it is stored in NVM. This method allows the user to select which TAs are allowed (they will not occur if the station is not in NVM or if its TA inhibit bit is set) and avoids attempts to jump to an announcement which is not relevant or not receivable with sufficient signal strength to be useful.
PE0
Table 4. Keyboard Layout PE1 PE2
PE3
RDS
Traffic
MW step
TA test
Time colon
Sleep
—
+
7
8
9
Alarm
4
5
6
Store
1
2
3
0
Manual
Clear/Step
On/Off
Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1
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Application Note
On/Off
Sleep
The following functions are available.
This key is intended as an on/off control for the radio. It sets a port line low for on and high for standby and can be used to control the power supply to the radio. Its status affects the behavior of other keys as described later in this application note.
When pressed, the 1-hour sleep timer starts, leaving the standby line low (radio on) until the sleep time has elapsed. At this time, the line is switched to the standby mode (high). In the normal display mode, the sleep timer running causes the decimal point to appear on the display modules’ first character. The sleep timer can be cancelled by pressing ON/OFF. The sleep time can be reduced in increments of five minutes by repressing or holding down the SLEEP key.
The alarm key selects the alarm display mode and toggles the alarm armed status. When the alarm is not armed, the legend ALARM-OFF is displayed. When it is armed, the alarm time is shown and adjustment of the alarm setup can be done by selecting the field (5/7 day, hours, or minutes) with the STORE/SET key. The selected field (hours or minutes) flashes and can be adjusted with the +/– keys or the tuning knob. The alarm setup display returns to normal three seconds after the last adjustment. If the radio is in standby mode and the alarm is set, the alarm time is displayed instead of the date. The radio will come fully on (standby line low) at the alarm time. After a 500-ms delay to allow power supplies to stabilize, the program which was tuned when the radio was last used is retuned. When set to the 5-day alarm, the alarm will not occur on Saturdays and Sundays.
Pressing + or –, while in normal mode, increments or decrements the program number. The program number wraps round at 0 and 9. The mute line is set high before retuning and returned low 100 ms after the new frequency has been sent to the PLL. Changing the tuned program using the +/– keys (or the 0–9 keys) disables PS name clearing if RDS information is absent or contains multiple errors.
ON/OFF
SLEEP
Alarm
ALARM
Plus (+)
and Minus (–)
+ and —
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Store/Set
Application Note Radio Data System
In PS-edit mode (see entry that follows), the + and – keys are used to change the character at the cursor position. This function is duplicated on the tuning knob incremental encoder. In the alarm setup mode, the + and – keys are used to change the alarm time as described earlier. The field which is currently selected for adjustment (using the STORE key) flashes. This function is duplicated on the tuning knob also.
In manual mode, these keys increment and decrement the current frequency in steps of 10 kHz or 50 kHz (FM) as selected by the CLEAR/STEP key. The default is 10 kHz. On the SW band, 1-kHz (455 kHz IF only) or 5-kHz steps are available; on the MW/LW band, 1- or 9-kHz steps are available. In the U.S.A., 10 kHz is appropriate instead of 9 kHz; this can be selected with a special key (see entry that follows). This function is duplicated on the tuning knob both in this mode and in normal mode. Use of the +/– keys (or the incremental encoder) to adjust the frequency enables PS name clearing if RDS information is absent or contains multiple errors. In normal mode, on the AM bands, use of the tuning knob displays the frequency in the PS name field, facilitating simultaneous display of frequency and time.
In normal modes (not manual or alarm), the store key selects the PS-edit mode in which the first character of the displayed PS-name flashes and can be changed by the + and – keys or the tuning knob. Subsequent presses of STORE move to the next character. A space is shown as a hyphen (–). This mode returns to the normal display mode 10 seconds after the last key press. This mode can be used to give a name to a station with no RDS PS name (all AM stations or an FM station with no RDS or with RDS or unusable quality). See the entry that follows for the method of saving this name in EEPROM. Entry of a PS name in this way requires that PS name clearing is disabled. This is achieved by changing the program number (by using the +/– or 0–9 keys). Fine tuning enables PS name clearing (see +/– key description). Direct frequency entry does not affect the PS name clearing status.
In the alarm setup mode, STORE selects what will be changed when the + or – keys or the tuning knob are used (5/7 day, hours, or minutes). Hours or minutes flash when they are selected.
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STORE/SET
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Application Note
Manual
In manual mode, STORE enters a special manual store mode in which the 9–0 keys save, rather than recall, a program. After pressing STORE, the program number flashes to indicate this change of function. Alternatively, a second press of STORE saves the current tuning information into the current program number. The current frequency, PI code (FM), PS name, and TA inhibit flag (FM) are saved in EEPROM. The TA inhibit status can be changed using the TRAFFIC key (see entry that follows). If the PS edit mode has been used, then manual store mode should be used to save the entered PS name.
Select manual entry of frequency; a second press returns to normal mode if the tuned frequency has not been changed. If it has been changed, the second press retunes to the new frequency and an additional press is required to return to the normal mode. In manual mode, frequency is displayed instead of the time; the + and – keys or the tuning knob enable incrementing and decrementing of the current frequency. Direct entry of frequency can be made using 0–9 keys. In this mode, the STORE key enters the manual store mode in which the program number flashes, allowing storing of the tuned program and PS name into the current, or a different, program number. A second press of STORE saves the current frequency, PS name, PI code, and TA inhibit bit (FM) in EEPROM.
In manual mode, the TRAFFIC (TA) key controls the TA inhibit bit, which can be stored with each program. If the current station has its TP flag high, the least significant digit of the frequency will alternate with a decimal point. Pressing TP toggles the NVM inhibit bit. When inhibited, the decimal point between the MHz and kHz becomes a “–”. A subsequent press of STORE saves this bit in NVM along with the frequency, PI code, and PS name.
These keys are used both for direct frequency entry and for recalling the 40 available programs. In all modes, except standby and manual, when a 0–9 key is pressed, the selected program is tuned. Changing the tuned program using the 0–9 keys (or the +/– keys) disables PS name clearing if RDS information is absent or contains multiple errors. In manual mode, these keys are used for the direct entry of frequency. After entering the required frequency, pressing MANUAL retunes to the new frequency.
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MANUAL
0 to 9
0
to —9
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RDS
Traffic
Clear/Step
Application Note Radio Data System
The mute line is set high before retuning and returned low 100 ms after the new frequency has been sent to the PLL. In manual store mode, the program number flashes and the 0–9 keys save the tuned program into the selected program number in EEPROM.
The first press displays scrolling RT data. Subsequent presses display PTY code, PI code, TA and TP, PIN code (two formats), MJD, MS and DI, last TA PI code, the reason for returning from last TA and EON (up to 16 networks with their principal frequency). See Table 5 for the display formats. The RDS key is operational in all modes except standby.
Enable/disable traffic switching. When disabled, this is indicated by a decimal point in the 11th character of the dot matrix displays. Default at power-up is enabled. The TRAFFIC key works in all modes except standby. During manual mode and manual store mode, it toggles the TA inhibit status, which can subsequently be saved in NVM.
Toggles between 10-kHz and 50-kHz steps on the FM band or between 1 and 9 kHz (or 10 kHz) on the MW band. There is no indication on the dot matrix displays. In manual mode, the displayed frequency is cleared to facilitate the entry of a new frequency. If the clear is followed by use of the + or – keys or the tuning knob, the original frequency is retained, allowing a change of step size only. In PS edit mode, the clear key clears the current PS name.
Pressing TA test simulates the arrival of a group 14B. The PI code of the other network is embedded in the code (C5B1, Radio Clyde in the ROMed version).
This key enables or disables the flashing colon in the time display. This can be used to prevent unnecessary I/O activity thus reducing RFI. Disabling the colon prevents 1-Hz updating, as the display modules are only updated if the data to be displayed has changed.
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RDS
TRAFFIC
CLEAR/STEP
TA Test
Time Colon
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19
TA TEST
TIME COLON
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Application Note
MW Step
This optional key selects 9- or 10-kHz steps on MW. Nine kHz is appropriate in Europe and 10 kHz in the United States. The default is 9 kHz, and the key need not be implemented if 10 kHz will never be required.
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MW STEP
Table 5. Key Function by Mode
On/Off
Sleep
Alarm
+/–
Store
Manual
TP
RDS
0–9
Clear
Standby (OFF)
mode normal (ON)
mode sleep (ON)
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
mode alarm
“
“
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Normal (ON)
mode standby (ON)
“
“
“
“
“
“
+/– prog.
mode PS-edit
mode manual
“
“
“
“
toggle traffic enable flag
“
“
“
“
display RT PTY PI TA TP PIN hex PIN dec MJD M/S DI TA ret. TA PI EON
(16)
“
tune prog.
“
“
“
“
toggle step 10/ 50 kHz
“
“
“
“
“
&
clear freq.
PS edit
+/– ASCII
next char.
A off
L
on A
R M
setup
mode alarm on
+/– prog.
—
mode alarm off
5/7 day toggle
mode setup
+/– hour/min
hour/min toggle
M
A
N
U
A store L
mode alarm
“
+/– freq.
“
mode store
mode normal
“
toggle traffic enable NV bit
input freq.
save prog.
save prog.
20
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Circuit
Application Note Circuit
The circuit is in two distinct parts. The circuit for the MC145170 synthesizer is shown in Figure 6. The synthesizer board is the only part of the synthesizer controller which actually needs to be in (or close to) the radio. A local oscillator signal to supply the synthesizer should be taken from a low-impedance point so that the oscillator is not significantly loaded. Pulling of the oscillator frequency is not a problem as the PLL circuitry will compensate, but loading the tuned circuit itself is not recommended unless a high-impedance buffer is included. This prevents affecting the tuning range or the “Q” of the oscillator.
The MC145157 requires a divide-by-10 prescaler for FM and divide-by-5 for band 3. The MC145170 does not require prescaling. The standard LP1186 FM tuner does not have an LO take-off but a signal can be taken, without other modification, from the emitter of the oscillator BF195 (near the center of the PCB).
The Mullard LP1186 is unusual in having its local oscillator low. More recent tuners, for instance, the Larsholt 7254/55, almost always have their local oscillator above the tuned frequency. This selection can be made using port A, bit 2.
A 16-digit LCD (parallel) or VFD (serial) dot-matrix display module can be driven. The two display modules show the same data (within the limitations of their character ROMs). The VFD display driver supported is the MSC7128 and the LCD driver, the HD44780. On its own, this driver can be used to provide a 16-way multiplexed display, but an 8-way multiplexed higher contrast display is possible if the module also incorporates an HD44100. In an application which drives an LCD module (for instance, a ROMed PH8) and the module is not connected, a 10-k pulldown resistor should be added to bit 7 of port A. This prevents the software hanging up waiting for the busy line to go low.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the circuit diagrams of the controllers. Figure 3 gives the pin numbers for the 52-pin PLCC HC11E with the numbers for the 56-pin SDIP (if different) in brackets. With the E32, the display in use can be selected by the level on port E, bit 7 (high for LCD and low for VFD) and the LCD multiplexing by port A, bit 7 (high for
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Software
divide-by-16, low for divide-by-8). The SW bank is selected by the level on port E, bit 6.
Figure 4 shows pin numbers for the 84-pin PLCC K4, with the differences for the PH8 in brackets. Debug on the K4 using PCbug11 (reference 5) requires some additional hardware (within the dotted line) and port D bits 0 and 1 (SCI), port G bits 1 and 7 (XA14 and R/W), and port H bits 5 and 7 (CSGP1 and CSPROG), leaving 30 input/output (I/O) lines for use in the application. The display selections are not available on the PH8 ROMed versions, but there are four SW banks of 10 program memories; they are selected by port E, bits 6 and 7.
Since different demodulator devices can be used, the circuitry for the demodulator is not shown. The clock from the demodulator interrupts the microprocessor on each positive edge. At this time, a data bit is available and is read on bit 5 of port E.
An assembled listing of part of the HC11E32 ROMed version (ZC403311) of the application is included. The software is in three modules and was assembled and linked using the Introl re-locatable assembler and linker. The first module is listed. It contains all the main control routines, including the main loop and keyboard scanning, and the function to be performed by each key.
The second module contains the RDS and display functions, while the third module is the 4-function, 9-digit integer BCD arithmetic required for the MJD date calculations.
The second and third modules are described and listed in AN495 (reference 4). EB419/D (reference 5) describes and lists additional debug code contained in the ROMed parts.
The code which is executed only on startup (power-on or reset) begins at the label START on the third page of the first module’s listing, while the main loop starts at the label IDLE on the next page. The idle loop is quite long, as many functions and checks have to be carried out.
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Application Note
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These include:
• Pacing the loop using the main timer
• Checking to see if the display needs updating or if a transient display has timed out
• Checking if alarm is armed and, if so, comparing its time with the current time
• Sleep timer operation
• Traffic announcement timing and return
• Keyboard scanning and selected function execution
• Incremental encoder execution
• Checking for changes in the band and memory selection inputs
• Timing band changes
• Updating TA = TP = 1 and M/S outputs
The keyboard subroutine (KBD) is executed at 64 Hz from the idle loop and checks to see if a key is pressed. If the same key is pressed on three consecutive tries, its function is performed. The remainder of the first module constitutes the subroutines performed by each key and the arithmetic and serial activity required to tune the synthesizers. The batch files used for linking the modules are shown as comments at the end of the listing, along with the pseudo-vectors required by PCbug11 during debug.
The displays are only updated when there is a change in the displayed data. At 8 Hz, a check is made to see if any characters have changed; if there has been a change, the display update routine is executed. This is done to minimize interference caused by communication with the displays. The colon between the hours and minutes of the time display changes at 1 Hz. This can be disabled (colon permanently displayed) by using the time colon key. The display routine (MOD) is executed in the idle loop if the flag bit 3 of STAT2 is set. It is set every 125 ms by timer B interrupts. If flag bit 4 of STAT2 is set, the display is initialized, indicating no valid RDS data. The dot-matrix modules are then updated, if necessary, with new data. Each time, before anything is written to the LCD module, the subroutine WAIT is used; this checks that the controller
Application Note Software
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Application Note
in the module is not busy. The different display formats are selected by checking the various flags and the relevant routine executed. The normal display permanently shows PS name and time. As the locations in RAM used for hours and minutes contain binary numbers, they are converted to BCD before being written to the relevant bytes in DISP. Once all 16 bytes in DISP have been loaded, loops are used to send the data to the display modules. The standby display (alarm not enabled) shows date and time. After a power-up, the display “Mon 0 inv 0:00” indicates that the date and time are invalid. The date and time will be correct once a valid RDS CT group has been received.
The VFD routine sends the same data as is shown on the LCD module to the serial VFD module. The display driver used has a different character set from the standard ASCII set used by the LCD module. The table VTAB is used to convert ASCII data into the required character in the VFD module. The small table INITF is used to send the required initialization bytes to the VFD module. This module does not require a busy check but does require a delay between successive bytes. This is satisfied by the wait loop within the serial output loop VFDL. The LCD and VFD routines are in the second software module (see reference 4).
Table 6. Display Formats
Display Mode
Format
Standby Off
Alarm off
Alarm off, no CT Alarm on
Thu 12 May 21:35
Mon 0 inv 0:00
0659 alarm 21:35
With RDS PS name Normal Without RDS
On Auto name Tuning knob (AM)
4 BBC 4 FM 21:40
5 ———– 21:40
6 — 9410 21:40
6 — 9415 21:40
Alarm
Alarm off Alarm on/setup
Alarm — OFF
5-day alarm 0659
Sleep
Sleep 60 minutes
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Application Note Traffic Announcements
Table 6. Display Formats (Continued)
Display Mode
Format
RDS RT PTY
PI
TA & TP
PIN (hex)
PIN (decoded) MJD
MS & DI
last TA 1.
2. EON (16)
Kaleidoscope. . . .
Culture
PI code — C204
TP — 0 TA — 1
PIN no. — 655E
12th at 21:30
MJ day — 49484
M/S M DI 01
last TA PI C514
TA rtrn: EON PI
BBC 3 FM
BBC Gael
BBC Nwcl
BBC Scot
BBC Scot
BBC Scot
BBC Scot
92.10
103.70
96.00
94.30
92.50
94.70
93.50
Classic 101.70
BBC Eng
BBC 1 FM
BBC 2 FM
107.90
99.50
89.90
————–
————–
Manual
6 Classic 101.70
Traffic Announcements
AN494 MOTOROLA
25
The radio can respond to EON-initiated traffic announcements if they are enabled by the TRAFFIC (TA) key. This status is indicated by a decimal point at the 11th character on the dot-matrix displays. A switch to a TA on another frequency will only occur if the station has previously been stored in NVM; the EON data which can be displayed using the RDS key is not used for TA switching. The PI code of the last TA (or attempted TA) can be displayed by pressing the RDS key eight times. A further press displays one of the TA return/inhibit messages shown here. TAs which are the result of TA = TP = 1 on the current frequency do not update the last TA PI or TA return/inhibit messages.
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Application Note
When a 14B group is received, the following occurs:
26
AN494 MOTOROLA
•
•
•
•
Check traffic flag; if enabled, proceed; otherwise, set TA rtrn/inhb message to:
TA inhb: flag — Traffic key inhibit flag (d.p. at the 11th character position)
Search for TA PI code in NVM; if found, proceed; otherwise, set TA rtrn/inhb message to:
TA inhb: EON PI — The PI code given in 14B is not in the NVM.
Check station TA inhibit flag in NVM; if clear, proceed; otherwise, set TA rtrn/inhb message to:
TA inhb: NVM — User inhibit of station using bit stored in NVM
Retune to frequency stored in NVM against EON PI code. The PS name display changes to show the PS name of the service carrying the traffic announcement and the time display is replaced by the new frequency. If the service has its TP flag high, then the 10s of kHz digit will flash as in the manual mode display. After one second, check TP flag at the new frequency. If high, then proceed; otherwise, return to original frequency and set TA rtrn/inhb message to:
TA rtrn: TP low — TP station does not have TP bit high.
Check PI code at new frequency. If correct (same as 14B EON TA PI code), then proceed; otherwise, retune to original frequency and set TA rtrn/inhb message to:
TA rtrn: PI code — PI code of TP station was not as expected.
After an additional two seconds, start to monitor the TA flag; if high, remain on current frequency, if low, return to original frequency and set TA rtrn/inhb message to:
TA rtrn: TA low — TA flag of TP station low. This is the normal return method.
If, during a TA, the radio is manually retuned, the TA rtrn/inhb message is set to:
TA rtrn:manual — User-initiated manual return
•
•
•
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Table 7. MCU I/O
Application Note Traffic Announcements
K4 and PH8
Function
E32
Port A bits 0–7
LCD module data bus
Port C bits 0–7
Port B bits 0–7
High-order addresses (K4)
N/A —
Port C bits 0–7
Data bus (K4)
N/A —
0–1 Port D bits 2–4
5
Debug (PCbug11 or BUFFALO) Keyboard rows (via 14028 encoder) Standby (high:standby, low:on)
Port D bits 0–1 2–4
5
0–3
4 Port E bits 5 6 7
Keyboard columns
Shaft direction (XIRQ)
RDS data in or shaft direction (IRQ) Short-wave memory select 1 Short-wave memory select 2 (PH8 only)
Port E bits 0–3 4
5
6 N/A —
Port F bits 0–7
Low-order addresses
N/A —
0
1 Port G bits 2–4 5–6
7
Mute
XA14 (K4 only)
LCD control lines (RS, R/W, and clock) Band select
R/W (K4)
Port A bit 4
N/A
Port B bits 5–7 Port A bits 0–1
N/A
—
—
0–1 2
3
Port H bits 4 5 6 7
Serial clock/data for VFD and PLLs VFD chip enable (PH8: +/– 10.7 MHz) Port E, bit 5 input control
MC145170 PLL chip enable
CSGP1 (K4 only)
MC145157 PLL chip enable CSPROG (K4 only)
Port B bits 0–1 Port B bit 2 Port A bit 3 Port B bit 4
N/A
N/A
Port B bit 3
— —
N/A
FM IF select (+/– 10.7 MHz
Port A bit 2
N/A
TA = TP = 1
Port A bit 5
N/A
M/S = 1
Port A bit 6
N/A
LCD multiplex select (8/16)
Port A bit 7
N/A
Display module (LCD/VFD) select
Port E bit 7
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PH8 ROMed Application
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Application Note
Setup and Testing
An effective method of fault finding a PLL circuit is to initially do the tuning with a potentiometer, leaving the output of the filter disconnected from the VCO. As the radio is tuned through the frequency setup in the synthesizer, the filter output should switch from one extreme to the other. Until this test passes, it is not useful to close the loop, as it is difficult to distinguish the cause of a problem from its effects.
Check operation of the MC34064 LVI circuit. As the supply voltage is lowered, it should pull the reset pin low. This should occur between 4.70 and 4.50 volts. Adjust trimmer on the EXTAL pin of the M68HC711 for accurate timekeeping in the absence of RDS CT information. (Radio should be detuned or tuned to a station known not to provide RDS.) The trimmer on pin 2 of the PLL chip (MC145157 or MC145170) should be adjusted to provide an accurate reference frequency. This adjustment can be made simply to tuning to a strong broadcast of known frequency and adjusting for optimum reception or symmetric adjacent-channel response.
The E32
1.
2.
3. 4.
ROMed PH8s (ZC428200 and ZC428202) differ from the described version of this application as follows:
40 short-wave programs can be stored instead of 20. These are accessed by the use of a second memory-select line (port E, bit 7).
There is no display selection; both LCD and VFD signals are generated. If an LCD module is not connected, a pulldown on port A, bit 7 should be included (see Figure 4).
LCD multiplexing is fixed at divide-by-8.
Traffic announcement (retune to TA frequency) is not fully implemented in the ZC428200.
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References
Application Note References
5. Time colon FLASH defeat key is not implemented; the display modules are always updated at 8 Hz.
6. TA = TP = 1 and M/S outputs are not implemented.
7. 10-kHz MW steps are not available (no 9/10 key).
8. +/–10.7-MHz IF selection (FM) is carried out on port H, bit 2 which is read after reset but before it is set up as an output. A pullup or pulldown resistor will determine the IF selection (pullup for LO high and pulldown for LO low) without affecting the pin’s subsequent function as an output (VFD chip enable).
9. The 500-ms delay at switch-on between the standby line moving and the PLLs being retuned is not implemented.
10. The sleep d.p. flashes during operation of the sleep timer.
1. A Radio Synthesizer Using the MC68HC05B4, Motorola document order number ANE416/D
2. CENELEC EN 50067, Specifications of the Radio Data System (RDS), formerly EBU technical document 3244
3. An RDS Decoder Using the MC68HC05E0, Motorola document order number AN460/D
4. RDS Decoding for an HC11 Controlled Radio, Motorola document order number AN495/D
5. ROMed HC11E32 and HC11PH8 Including BUFFALO Monitor and PCbug 11 Talker, Motorola document order number EB419/D
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Application Note
BMJD RMB Q RMB TMQ RMB R RMB TMP RMB R RMB MJD RMB YR RMB MNTH RMB DOM RMB DOW RMB
3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 1
DIST RMB SLEPT RMB RDSTO RMB PSNP RMB DAT RMB TMPGRP RMB GROUP RMB PTY RMB PTYCMP RMB PI RMB PION RMB PIN RMB LEV RMB BIT RMB ITMP1 RMB SYN RMB
30
1
1
1
1
4
8
8
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
SECTION.S .RAM1,COMM
******************************************** ** * RAM allocation, RDS & radio. * ** ********************************************
$04
$03
$08
$0A
$07
$09
$24
$26
$39
$3D
$1000 $3B 9
PORT A ADDRESS
“B”
“C”
“D”
“E”
PORT C DATA DIRECTION REG. “D”””
REGISTER BLOCK OFFSET
EEPROM CONTROL REGISTER
No. DIGITS
BINARY MJD
WORKING NUMBER 1 – RDS
SCRATCH
WORKING NUMBER 2 – RDS
MULT. OVER. OR DIV. REMAINDER
WORKING NUMBER 3 – RDS
MODIFIED JULIAN DAY NUMBER
YEAR
MONTH
DATE
DAY OF WEEK
TRANSIENT DISPLAY, TIMEOUT,COUNTER
SLEEP TIMER MINUTES COUNTER
RDS TIMEOUT COUNTER
PS DISPLAY POINTER
SERIAL DATA BUFFER
TEMPORARY GROUP DATA
COMPLETE GROUP DATA
PROGRAM-TYPE CODE (CURRENT)
PROGRAM TYPE CODE (PTY SCAN)
PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION CODE
PROGRAM IDENTIFICATION CODE (EON)
PROGRAM ITEM NUMBER
VALID BLOCK LEVEL
BIT LEVEL
TEMP BYTE FOR USE IN IRQ
SYNDROME
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Code Listing
************************************************************* ** * MC68HC11E32 RDS multiband radio. * ** * Used with RDSE.S11, FNCE.S11 & RDRAME.S11. * ** * P. Topping 3rd April ’94 * *************************************************************
IMPORT
EXPORT
LIB
PORTA EQU PORTB EQU PORTC EQU PORTD EQU PORTE EQU PORTCD EQU PORTDD EQU TMSK2 EQU PACTL EQU OPTION EQU INIT EQU
RBO EQU PPROG EQU ND EQU
SDATA,TINTB,INITD,MOD,CLOCK,MJDAT,WAIT,CLREON,CBCD, PROC, TFCC
DCON2,NEW,CLTR,SHAFT
RDRAME.S11
$00
AN494 MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
CONF RMB 1 TH32 RMB 1 TH8 RMB 1 SEC RMB 1 MIN RMB 1 OUR RMB 1 AMIN RMB 1 AOUR RMB 1
DISP1 RMB 1
DISP2 RMB 1
6
RQ RMB 6 RP RMB 6 RR RMB 2
W1 RMB 2
W2 RMB 2
W3 RMB 2
W4 RMB 2
W5 RMB 2
W6 RMB 2
W7 RMB 2
KEY RMB 1 KOUNT RMB 1 DIG2 RMB 1 CARRY RMB 1 COUNT RMB 1
NUM1 RMB 2
NUM2 RMB 2
LED RMB 1 SMEM RMB 2 REARET RMB 1 RTDIS RMB 1 DI RMB 1 SCHAN RMB 1
******************************************** ** * Flags, & pages 1-2. * ** ********************************************
SYNDROME CONFIDENCE
TICS (SECONDS/32)
EIGHTHS OF SECONDS
SECONDS
STAT RMB 1 *
*
*
*
*
*
*
STAT2 RMB 1 *
*
*
*
*
*
*
STAT3 RMB 1 *
*
*
*
*
*
*
STAT4 RMB 1 *
*
*
*
*
*
*
STAT5 RMB 1 *
* *
AN494 MOTOROLA
WORKING BCD NUMBER
” “”2”
” “”3”
W
O
R
K
I
N
G
CODE OF PRESSED KEY
KEYBOARD COUNTER
2nd DIGIT TIMEOUT COUNTER
BCD CARRY
LOOP COUNTER
1ST No. POINTER (ADD & SUBTRACT) 2ND No. POINTER (ADD & SUBTRACT) STATION NUMBER
CURRENT FREQUENCY
LAST TA REASON FOR RETURN
RDS DISPLAY TYPE
DECODER IDENTIFICATION
SCAN CHANNEL
0: MODE 1: STATION, 0: FREQ
1: STEP 1: 50KHz, 0: 10KHz
2: CLRQ 1: CLEAR IF NO. KEYED
3: TIMER MS BIT TOGGLE (64 Hz)
4: RDS DATA CLEARING ENABLE
5: KEY FUNCTION PERFORMED
6: KEY REPEATING
7: NOT JUST POWERED UP
0: VALID SYNDROME
1: VALID GROUP
2: RT DISPLAY
3: UPDATE DISPLAY
4: CLEAR DISPLAY
5: SPACE FLAG
6: NOT ON PROGRAM (AM)
7: TA RETUNE DONE
0: NOT ON PROGRAM (FM)
1: TEXTA/TEXTB BIT (RT)
2: TA FLAG
3: TP FLAG
4: SHAFT DIRECTION
5: SHAFT ROTATION
6: UPDATE DATE
7: SHAFT INTERRUPTS
0: DISPLAY (OR TA SWITCH) TRANSIENT
1: SLEEP TIMER RUNNING
2: TRAFFIC ENABLED
3: ALARM DISPLAY
4: ALARM ARMED
5: ALARM SET-UP
6: ALARM HOURS (SET-UP)
7: VALID GROUP 14B RECEIVED
0: BAND CHANGE TIMEOUT
1: RDS DISPLAYS
2: SLEEP DISPLAY
3: M/S 0: M, 1: S
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
31
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
MINUTES
HOURS
ALARM MINUTES
ALARM HOURS
RT DISPLAY POINTER
RT DISPLAY POINTER
#1 #2
1 RADIO
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Application Note
* * * *
STAT6 RMB 1 BCTO RMB 1 SCNT RMB 1
SECTION .RAM2,COMM EON RMB 256
SECTION .RAM3,COMM DISP RMB 16 DISPP RMB 16
PSN RMB 8 RT RMB 69
SECTION .ROM1 STRST JMP START TMRB JMP TINTB IRQ JMP SDATA
******************************************** ** * Reset routine – set-up ports etc. * ** ********************************************
4: RETUNE FLAG (FREQUENCY MODE)
5: TA INHIBIT FLAG (NVM)
6: STORE MODE
7: WEEKDAY ONLY ALARM
BAND/BANK (,MW STEP,COLON, ,A1,A0,,E6)
BAND CHANGE TIMEOUT
SHAFT DETENT COUNTER
EON DATA (16 NETWORKS)
LCD MODULE BUFFER
CURRENT LCD MODULE CONTENTS
RADIOTEXT
RESET VECTOR
RTI
IRQ
REGISTERS AT $1000
ENABLE EEPROM WRITE (NOT CONFIG)
IRQ EDGE SENSITIVE
32Hz RTI (8.388MHz XTAL)
PORTA, BITS 3 & 7 INPUTS
ENABLE REAL TIME INTERRUPTS
DWOM = 0, PORTD PUSH-PULL
INITIALISE STACK POINTER
0,1: BAND INPUTS (FM, FM, MW, SW), 2: FM IF
3: IRQ CONTROL, 4: MUTE, 5: TA=TP=1
6: M/S=1, 7: 8/16 LCD MUX
0,1: SERIAL CLOCK/DATA, 5,6,7: LCD CONTROL
2,3,4: LATCH SIGNALS (VFD, 5157 & 5170)
START LDAA
STAA INIT
LDAA #$10 STAA $1035
LDAA #$30 STAA $1039 LDAA #$03 STAA $1026 LDAA #$40 STAA $1024 LDAA #$00 STAA $1028
LDS #$02FF
LDY #$1000 LDAA #$10 STAA PORTA,Y
H2L LDAA
STAA PORTB,Y
CLOOP
32
JSR
LDAA
JSR
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDX CLR
DBOUNC
#$30
CLOCK
DBOUNC
#$30
CLOCK
#BMJD 0,X
WAIT 15ms
INITIALISE LCD
WAIT 15ms
INITIALISE LCD
INITIALISE PAGE 0 RAM
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
#$01
#$00
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
CLR PORTC,Y
LDAA #$FF 0-7: STAA PORTCD,Y
CLR PORTD,Y 0,1: LDAA #$3C 2-4: STAA PORTDD,Y 5:
LCD PARALLEL BUS
SCI (DEBUG)
KEYBOARD OUTPUTS
STANDBY
KEYBOARD INPUTS, 4: SHAFT INPUT (XIRQ)
RDS/SHAFT INPUT, 6: SW BANK, 7: LCD/VFD
* PORTE *”
******************************************** ** * INITIALISE LCD AND RAM. * ** ********************************************
0-3: 5:
AN494 MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
JRT1 EQU JIRQ EQU JXIRQ EQU
$00EB
$00EE
$00F1
E32 BUFFALO RAM JUMP TABLE “”””” “””””
INX
CPX #SCNT+1 BNE CLOOP BSET STAT4,$04 BSET STAT,$01
LDAA #$30
JSR CLOCK
JSR WAIT
LDAA #$30
BRCLR PORTA,Y,$80,M8 LDAA #$38
MORE ?
ENABLE TRAFFIC
STATION MODE
INITIALISE LCD
/8 DISPLAY
/16 DISPLAY
LATCH IT
SWITCH DISPLAY
LATCH IT
CLEAR DISPLAY
LATCH IT
INITIALISE RDS
AND EON DATA
SWITCHING – DEFAULT ?
OFF
DATA & DISPLAY
M8 JSR
JSR WAIT
LDAA #$08 JSR CLOCK JSR WAIT LDAA #$01 JSR CLOCK JSR INITD JSR CLREON
* Initialise interrupt JMPs
NO2D BRCLR
LDAA DIST
BNE NOPS JSR CLTR
NOPS BRCLR
JSR MOD
DISPLAY TRANSIENT ?
NDU BRCLR
NOTSNZ BRSET NTJ2 JMP
NNT2 BRCLR
LDAA DOW
CMPA #4 BHI NT2J
NWA LDAA
CMPA OUR
AN494 MOTOROLA
CLOCK
LDAA #$7E STAA JRTI STAA JIRQ STAA JXIRQ LDD #TINTB STD JRTI+1 LDD #SDATA STD JIRQ+1 LDD #SHAFTX STD JXIRQ+1
LDAA #$00 TAP
******************************** ** * Idle loop. * ** ********************************
RTI
IRQ
XIRQ
ENABLE IRQ & XIRQ
IDLE LDY
BRSET STAT,$08,TBH
BRSET $0E,Y,$80,* BSET STAT,$08 BRA NO2D
TBH BRCLR
BCLR STAT,$80
#$1000
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
$0E,Y,$80,*
STAT4,$01,NOPS
STAT2,$08,NDU BCLR STAT2,$08
YES, TIMED OUT
DISPLAY UPDATE
YES, DO IT
AND CLEAR FLAG
STANDBY ?
STANDBY, ALARM
?
REQUIRED
ARMED ?
?
?
PORTD,Y,$20,FULON
STAT4, $10,NNT2
NT2
STAT5,$80,NWA
YES, WEEKDAY ALARM ONLY
YES
SATURDAY OR
SUNDAY ?
NO, COMPARE ALARM HOURS
WITH TIME
AOUR
Application Note Code Listing
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
33
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Application Note
BNE NT2J LDAA AMIN CMPA MIN BNE NT2J LDAA SEC BNE NT2
ONAG BCLR PORTD,Y,$20 JSR DEL500
BCLR PORTA,Y,$10 JSR P5170
FULON BRCLR STAT4,$02,FLN LDAA SLEPT
BNE FLN
BCLR STAT4,$02 BSET PORTD,Y,$20 BSET PORTA,Y,$10
******************************** ** * Idle loop (cont.). * ** ********************************
SAME ?
YES, COMPARE ALARM MINUTES
WITH TIME
SAME ?
ONLY ALLOW WAKE-UP IN FIRST SECOND
TO PREVENT SWITCH-OFF LOCKOUT
YES, SWITCH ON,
WAIT 500ms,
DEMUTE
AND TUNE (5170 & 5157)
SLEEP TIMER RUNNING ?
YES
TIME TO FINISH ?
YES, CLEAR FLAG,
SWITCH OFF
FLN BRCLR
BRSET STAT2,$80,NT2 YES, BIT
HIGH ?
* BRCLR
* LDAA
* STAA
* BRA
SOK JSR
PORTE,Y,$10,SOK SIGNAL OK ? #2
REARET
NT1
PINOK1 LDAA
STAA REARET
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
STAT4,$80,NT1 14B FLAG
AGREES ? BSET STAT2,$80 NO, SET BIT
CLR REARET
LDAA #25 LOCK OUT RETURN STAA DIST FOR 3 SECONDS
BSET STAT4,$01 SET DISPLAY BSET PORTA,Y,$10 MUTE
JSR DBNC WAIT 150 ms JSR RETUNE2 AND RETUNE BRCLR STAT4,$80,NWWS PI CODE NOT JSR DEL500 WAIT 500ms
TRANSIENT FLAG
IN EON LIST ?
DEL500 WAIT 500ms BRSET STAT3,S08,TPOK TP OK?
LDAA #5 STAA REARET BRA NT1
TPOK LDAA
CMPA PION
PI CODE
(EON)
SWITCHED
PI YES, CHECK
BNE PINOK1
LDAA PI+1
CMPA PION+1 AGAINST PI BEQ NT2 IF OK STAY
#3
NT1 BRCLR
BCLR STAT4,$80 MAKE SURE 14B CANCELLED BSET PORTA,Y,$10 MUTE
JSR DBNC WAIT 150 ms
AND MUTE
STAT2,$80,NT2 14B FLAG LOW, BIT AGREES ?
NWWS BCLR
LDAA LED SELECTED PROG.
JSR RETUNE2 AND RETURN TO ORIGINAL PROGRAM
STAT2,$80 CLEAR FLAG
NT2 JSR
JSR KEYP EXECUTE KEY
BRCLR STAT3,$20,NSRO SHAFT ROTATION PENDING ? BCLR STAT3,$20 YES, CLEAR FLAG
BRSET STAT3,$10,ANTI DIRECTION ?
JSR PINC2 CLOCKWISE, INCREMENT
BRA NSRO
ANTI JSR NSRO BRCLR
PDEC2 ANTI-CLOCKWIRE, DECREMENT STAT3,$40,NRDSP UPDATE DATE ?
JSR MJDAT
YES, CONVERT FROM MJD
KBD READ KEYBOARD
********************************************* **
*
Idle loop (cont.). *
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
34
AN494 MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
NRDSP LDY #$1000 BRCLR STAT,$80,BTO
BRCLR PORTA,Y,$01,L5 BRSET STAT6,$04,CG6 BSET STAT6,$04 BRSET STAT6,$08,BTO BSET STAT3,$80
BRA CHE
L5 BRCLR STAT6,$04,CG6 BCLR STAT6,$04
BRSET STAT6,$08,BTO BCLR STAT3,$80 BRA CHE
CG6 BRCLR PORTA,Y,$02,L6 BRSET STAT6,$08,CHE
BSET STAT6,$08 BRA BTO
L6 BRCLR STAT6,$08,CHE BCLR STAT6,$08
BRSET STAT6,$04,BTO BCLR STAT3,$80 BRA BTO
CHE BRSET STAT6,$0C,BD3 BRA OK6
BD3
CE6 BRCLR PORTE,Y,$40,E6L
BRSET STAT6,$01,OK6 BSET STAT6,$01 BRA BTO
E6L BRCLR STAT6,$01,OK6 BCLR STAT6,$01
BTO BSET STAT,$80 LDAA #10
STAA BCTO BSET STAT5,$01
******************************** ** * Idle loop (cont.). * ** ********************************
JUST POWERED UP ?
NO, A0 LOW ?
NO, HIGH, BIT AGREES ?
NO, MAKE IT HIGH
BAND ONE ?
YES, SHAFT INTERRUPTS
AND NOTHING ELSE TO DO
YES, A0 LOW, BUT AGREES ?
NO, MAKE IT LOW
BAND ZERO ?
YES, RDS INTERRUPTS
AND NOTHING ELSE TO DO
A1 LOW ?
NO, HIGH, BIT AGREES ?
NO, MAKE IT HIGH
YES, A1 LOW, BIT AGREES ?
NO, MAKE IT LOW
BAND ZERO ?
YES, RDS INTERRUPTS
BAND 3 ?
NO, E6 LOW ?
NO, HIGH, BIT AGREES ?
NO, MAKE IT HIGH
YES, E6 LOW, BIT AGREES ?
NO, MAKE IT LOW
SET POWER-UP FLAG,
INITIALISE
AND START BAND-CHANGE TIMEOUT
TIMEOUT RUNNING?
YES, DECREMENT COUNT
FINISHED ?
YES, CLEAR FLAG
AND RECALL LAST USED PROG. No.
BAND 0 ?
NO, SHAFT INTERUPTS
TA=TP=1 ?
YES, A5 LOW
M/S=1 ?
YES, A6 LOW
MUTE
GET STORED PROG. No.
OK6 BRCLR
DEC BCTO
BNE ARI
BCLR STAT5,$01 BSR RCLP
BRCLR STAT6,$0C,ARI BSET STAT3,$80
ARI BRSET
BSET PORTA,Y,$20
TATP BCLR
PORTA,7,$20
IOOK BRSET
BSET PORTA,Y,$40
MSH BCLR IDLJ JMP RCLP BSET
PORTA,Y,$40
IDLE
PORTA,Y,$10
AN494 MOTOROLA
35
STAT5,$08,MSH BRA IDLJ
LDAB #120 JSR READ1 STAA LED
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
* Retune if band or SW bank inputs changed. * ** *****************************************
STAT5,$01,ARI
STAT3,$0C,TATP BRA IOOK
Application Note Code Listing
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Application Note
JMP RETUNE2
******************************** ** * Shaft rotation interrupts. * ** ********************************
SHAFT BRSET
BCLR STAT3,$10
SEM BSET TEM BSET
RTI
STAT3,$10
STAT3,$20
PORTE,Y,$20,SEM BRA TEM
SHAFTX BRSET
BCLR STAT3,$10
XEM BSET YEM BSET
RTI
STAT3,$10
STAT3,$20
PORTE,Y,$10,XEM BRA YEM
******************************** ** * Keyboard routine. * ** ********************************
KBD CLR W1 LDY #$1000
LDX #7 KEY1 LDAB W1
ADDB
STAB W1 LDAB PORTD,Y
ANDB
ADDB W1 STAB PORTD,Y
LDAA
BITA
BNE L1 DEX
BNE
CLR
BRA EXIT
L1 LDAB W1 LSLB
LSLB
LDAA
PORTE,Y ANDA #$0F
ABA
CMPA
BEQ EXIT
STAA
CLR KOUNT
EXIT INC
LDAA KOUNT
BRCLR
LDAB
BEQ
CMPA
BRA GON2
NOTCH CMPA
BRA GON2
NRML CMPA BLO
BEQ
CMPA GON2 BHI
LDAA
BEQ
CLC
RTS
#3
KCLC
GOON
#47
GOON2
KEY
RKEY
GOON2 LDAA KEY
CMPA
BEQ GOON3
#$04
#$20
PORTE,Y #$0F
KEY1 KEY
KEY
KEY
KOUNT
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
PROGRAM 145170/57
IRQ,SHAFT I/O HIGH (E5) ?
NO, CLEAR DIRECTION BIT
YES, SET DIRECTION BIT
SET FLAG TO INDICATE ROTATION
XIRQ, SHAFT I/O HIGH (E4) ?
NO, CLEAR DIRECTION BIT
YES, SET DIRECTION BIT
SET FLAG TO INDICATE ROTATION
SELECT COLUMN
PRESERVE OTHER PORTD DATA
READ KEYBOARD
ANY INPUT LINE HIGH ?
NO, TRY NEXT COLUMN
LAST COLUMN ?
YES, NO KEY PRESSED
READ KEYBOARD
SAME AS LAST TIME ?
NO, SAVE THIS KEY
YES, THE SAME
REPEATING ?
YES
CHARACTER CHANGE ?
YES, REPEAT AT 8 Hz
NO, REPEAT AT 4 Hz
NO, 3 THE SAME ?
IF NOT DO NOTHING
IF 3 THEN PERFORM KEY FUNCTION
MORE THAN 3, MORE THAN 47 (750mS) ?
TIME TO DO SOMETHING ?
NO
KEY PRESSED ?
YES BUT DO NOTHING
DEC. PROG.
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
STAT,$40,NRML
PSNP
NOTCH
#8
#16
#$54
36
AN494 MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
SEC
RTS RKEY BCLR DNT2 BCLR
STAT,$20
AN494 MOTOROLA
37
CMPA #$58 BEQ GOON3 CMPA #$52 BNE DNT2
INC.PROG.
SLEEP
IF NOT A REPEAT KEY, DO NOTHING
SET REPEAT FLAG
SOMETHING TO DO ?
YES, SET C
NO, CLEAR DONE FLAG
CLEAR REPEAT FLAG
CLEAR COUNTER
ANYTHING TO DO ?
YES, GET KEY
DEC. PROG. (M)
INC. PROG. (S)
SLEEP
NOT A REPEAT KEY, FLAG SET ?
FETCH KEYCODE
THIS ONE ?
YES
NO, LAST CHANCE ?
YES, ABORT
NO TRY THE NEXT KEY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ALARM
STORE/SET
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
GOON3 BSET
CLR KOUNT
GOON LDAA
BEQ RKEY
STAT,$40 CLR KOUNT
KCLC CLC DNT RTS
******************************** ** * Execute key. * ** ********************************
KEYP BCC DNT KEYP2 LDAA KEY
CMPA #$54
BEQ RPT
CMPA #$58
BEQ RPT
CMPA #$52
BEQ RPT
BRSET STAT,$20,DNT
RPT CLRB
RJ LDX #CTAB
ABX
LDAA 0,X CMPA KEY BEQ PJ CMPA LAST BEQ DNT ADDB #4 BRA RJ
PJ BSET STAT,$20 JSR 1,X
JMP P5170
******************************** ** * Keyboard jump table. * ** ********************************
CTAB FCB $11 JMP DIGIT
FCB $21 JMP DIGIT FCB $22 JMP DIGIT FCB $24 JMP DIGIT FCB $31 JMP DIGIT FCB $32 JMP DIGIT FCB $34 JMP DIGIT FCB $41 JMP DIGIT FCB $42 JMP DIGIT FCB $44 JMP DIGIT FCB $48 JMP ALARM FCB $38 JMP SAVE
STAT,$40
KEY
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
ALARM BRCLR
BRCLR STAT4,$10,ALOF
BCLR STAT4,$10 BRA UDCNT
ALARM DISPLAY
YES, ALARM ON
YES, SWITCH OFF
NO, SWITCH ON
NO, ENABLE ALARM DISPLAY
ALARM DISPLAY FLAG
CANCEL SET-UP
3 SECONDS TIMEOUT
SET DISPLAY TRANSIENT FLAG
CLEAR DISPLAY TRANSIENTS
CANCELL SLEEP TIMER & TA SWITCH FLAG
CANCEL STORE MODE
ON ?
NO, SWITCH ON
WAIT 500ms
AND DEMUTE
YES, SWITCH OFF
AND MUTE
ALOF BSET
BRA UDCNT
ADON JSR
BSET STAT4,$08
UDCNT BCLR
LDAA #25
STAA DIST
BSET STAT4,$01 ABOA RTS
******************************** ** * On/off key. * ** ********************************
ONOFF JSR
BCLR STAT4,$82
CLTR BCLR STAT5,$40
ALRON BSET
BSET PORTA,Y,$10
RTS
******************************** ** * PS name clear. * ** ********************************
PSC LDX #PSN LDAA #$FF
CPSL STAA 0,X INX
CPX #PSN+8 BNE CPSL RTS
$68
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
FCB $18 JMP ONOFF FCB $14 JMP CLEAR FCB $12 JMP MODE FCB $52 JMP SLEEP FCB $54 JMP PDEC FCB $58 JMP PINC FCB $61 JMP RTDSP FCB $62 JMP TPEN FCB $64 JMP T910 FCB $51 JMP TFCC
ON/OFF
CLEAR/STEP
MODE (PROG./FREQ.)
SLEEP TIMER START
DEC. PROG./FREQ./CHAR.
INC. PROG./FREQ./CHAR.
RDS DISPLAYS
TRAFFIC ENABLE (TOGGLE)
MW STEP 9/10kHz (TOGGLE)
COLON CONTROL
TA TEST
LAST FCB
JMP TEST
******************************** ** * Alarmkey. * ** *******************************
STAT4,$08,ADON
ON ? ?
STAT4,$10
CLTR
STAT4,$20
BRCLR PORTD,Y,$20,ALRON
SODM BCLR
JSR DEL500
BCLR PORTA,Y,$10 RTS
PORTD,Y,$20
PORTD,Y,$20
38
AN494 MOTOROLA
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
INSLP LDAA SLEP STAA
#60
******************************** ** * TP. * ** ********************************
TPEN BRSET
BRSET STAT,$01,NS1
BRSET STAT5,$20,TAEH BSET STAT5,$20
RTS
STANDBY ?
NO, NORMAL MODE ?
NO, FREQ. MODE, NVM DISABLE FLAG SET ?
NO, SET IT
YES, CLEAR IT
NORMAL MODE, TRAFFIC ON ?
YES, DISABLE
NO, ENABLE
ALREADY SLEEP DISPLAY ?
NO, SLEEP TIMER ALREADY RUNNING ?
NO, INITIALISE SLEEP TIMER
START SLEEP TIMER
YES, CLEAR DISPLAY TRANSIENTS
SLEEP DISPLAY
NO DECREMENT IF FIRST TIME
DECREMENT SLEEP TIMER
START DISPLAY TRANSIENT
ALREADY ON ?
TAEH BCLR HIGH RTS
NS1 BRCLR
BCLR STAT4,$04
RTS TPOF BSET
RTS
STAT4,$04
SLEPT BSET STAT4,$02
STR JSR
BSET STAT5,$04
CLTR BRA SLPTOK
DECS LDAA
SUBA #5
STAA SLEPT BMI INSLP
SLPTOK LDAA
STAA DIST
BSET STAT4,$01
BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,SODM BCLR PORTA,Y,$10
RTS
******************************** ** * Number entry routine. * ** ********************************
DIGIT BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,AB03 JSR CLTR
LSRB
LSRB
BRSET STAT,$01,SKP BRSET STAT5,$40,SKP BSET STAT5,$10 BLCR STAT5,$20 STAB W3
BRCLR STAT,$04,SHIFT BCLR STAT,$04
JSR CLQ
SHIFT BSR DR1 LDX W1
AGS LDAA 1,X STAA 1,X
STATION MODE ?
NO, STORE MODE ?
NO, SET RETUNE FLAG (FREQUENCY MODE)
AND CLEAR TA INHIBIT BIT (NVM)
CLEAR Q ?
YES, CLEAR FLAG
AND CLEAR Q
W1: MSD, W2: LSD
MOVE ALL DIGITS
UP ONE PLACE
DONE ?
YES, RECOVER NEW DIGIT
AND PUT IT IN LSD
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
AN494 MOTOROLA
39
INX
CPX W2 BNE AGS LDAA W3 STAA 0,X RTS
SLEPT
#25
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
PORTD,Y,$20,HIGH
STAT5,$20
STAT4,$04,TPOF
******************************** ** * Sleep timer. * ** ********************************
SLEEP BRSET
BRSET STAT4,$02,STR
STAT5,$04,DECS
YES, JUST
STANDBY ?
NO, CLEAR
DEMUTE
DISPLAY TRANSIENTS
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
DR1 LDX
STX W1
LDAB #5 ABX
STX W2
ABO3 RTS
DEL500 LDX #255 JSR SKDB LDX #255 JMP SKDB
******************************** ** * Increment key (& knob). * ** *******************************
PINC2 BRSET
BRSET STAT4,$08,TOG57
BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,DMI LDAB PSNP
BNE PSN0
JMP UP
PINC BRSET TOG57J BRSET
STAT4,$20,ALSU1
STAT4,#08,TOG57
ALSU1 BRSET LDAA
STAT4,$40,IHR
BSET
BCLR DMI RTS
STAT4,$01
PORTA,Y,$10
#RQ
BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,DMI BRSET STAT,$01,NACS JMP UP
******************************** ** * Alarm inc. (hours/minutes). * ** ********************************
AMIN CMPA #59
BHS TOOH INC AMIN BRA T5S
TOOH CLR AMIN BRA T5S
IHR LDAA AOUR CMPA #23
BLO HTOH CLR AOUR BRA T5S
HTOH INC AOUR
T5S LDAA
STAA DIST
NACS LDAB PSNP
BEQ
CONTI
#80
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
SKP BSET PORTA,Y,$10 TBA
STAA LED JMP RETUNE
******************************** ** * Save pointers & 500ms delay. * ** ********************************
MUTE
STORE POINTERS
ALARM SET-UP ?
NO, ALARM DISPLAY ?
NO,STANDBY ?
NO,PS EDIT MODE ?
NO, STEP UP
ALARM SET-UP ?
NO, ALARM DISPLAY ?
NO, STANDBY ?
NO, FREQ. MODE ?
YES, STEP UP
YES, SET-UP HOURS ?
NO, MINUTES
10 SECOND TIMEOUT
SET DISPLAY TRANSIENT FLAG
DEMUTE
NO, PS EDIT MODE ?
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
STAT4,$20,ALSU1
40
AN494 MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
CMPA #$20 BLS MAK20 CMPA #$2E BLS MAK2E CMPA #$30 BLO MAK30 CMPA #$39 BLS CNTB CMPA #$41 BLO MAK41 CMPA #$5A BLS CNTB CMPA #$61 BLO MAK61 CMPA #$7A BLS CNTB
MAK20 LDAA #$20 BRA CNTB MAK2E LDAA #$2E BRA CNTB MAK30 LDAA #$30 BRA CNTB MAK41 LDAA #$41 BRA CNTB MAK61 LDAA #$61
CNTB STAA 0,X LDAA #80
JMP OUTCH
TOG57 BRCLR STAT4,$10,DMI BRCLR STAT5,$80,A7
BCLR STAT5,$80
BRA T5S
A7 BSET STAT5,$80
BRA T5S
******************************** ** * Program number increment. * ** ********************************
CONTI BSET PORTA,Y,$10 BSET STAT2,$08
LDAA LED
BRSET STAT2,$80,IOK INCA
CMPA #9
BLS IOK
CLRA
IOK STAA LED JMP RETUNE
******************************** ** * Decrement key (& knob). * ** ********************************
PDEC2 BRSET STAT4,$20,ALSU2 BRSET STAT4,$08,TOG57 BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,DMD
SPACE
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, .
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, 0
LESS ?
NO, 9
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, A
LESS ?
NO, Z
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, a
LESS ?
NO, z
LESS OR EQUAL ?
MAKE SPACE
MAKE .
MAKE 0
MAKE A
MAKE a
AN494 MOTOROLA
41
LDAB PSNP BNE PSN1 JMP DOWN
ALARM ARMED ?
YES, 7-DAY ALARM ?
NO, MAKE IT 7 DAY
YES, MAKE IT 5 DAY
MUTE
PROG. No. INCREMENT, UPDATE DISPLAY
IF SWITCHED TO TA DON’T INCREMENT
NEXT PROG.
TOO HIGH ?
YES, BACK TO ZERO
ALARM SET-UP ?
NO, ALARM DISPLAY ?
NO, STANDBY ?
NO, PS EDIT MODE ?
NO, STEP DOWN
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Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
********************************************** ** * P-S Edit inc. (ASCII) and 5/7 day toggle * ** **********************************************
PSN0 LDX #PSN-1 ABX
LDAA 0,X
INCA INCREMENT ASCII
YES
VALUE
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
ALSU2 BRSET
TST AMIN
BEQ MZ DEC AMIN BRA T5SD
MZ LDAA #59 STAA AMIN BRA T5SD IHRD TST AOUR
BNE HZ LDAA #24 STAA AOUR
HZ DEC AOUR
T5SD LDAA
STAA DIST
BSET STAT4,$01
BCLR PORTA,Y,$10 DMD RTS
NACS2 LDAB PSNP BEQ CONTD
******************************** ** * P-S Edit dec. (ASCII). * ** ********************************
PSN1 LDX #PSN-1 ABX
LDAA
DECA
CMPA
BLS
CMPA
BLS
CMPA
BLO
CMPA
BLS
CMPA
BLO
CMPA
BLS
CMPA
BLO
CMPA
BLS
0,X
#$20
MKE7A
#$2E
MKE20
#$30
MKE2E
#$39
CNTS
#$41
MKE39
#$5A
CNTS
#$61
MKE5A
#$7A
CNTS
#$20
YES
DECREMENT ASCII
SPACE
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, .
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, 0
LESS ?
NO, 9
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, A
LESS ?
NO, Z
LESS OR EQUAL ?
NO, a
LESS ?
NO, z
LESS OR EQUAL ?
MAKE SPACE
MAKE .
MAKE Z
MAKE z
MAKE A
VALUE
MKE20 LDAA
BRA CNTS
MKE2E LDAA
BRA CNTS
MKE5A LDAA
BRA CNTS
MKE7A LDAA
BRA CNTS
MKE39 LDAA
CNTS STAA 0,X
#$39 LDAA #80
OUTCH STAA DIST
BSET BCLR RTS
STAT4,$01
STAT4,$08
SET DISPLAY TRANSIENT FLAG
NOT ALARM DISPLAY MODE
#$2E
#$5A
#$7A
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
PDEC BRSET
BRSET STAT4,$08,TOG57
BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,DMD BRSET STAT,$01,NACS2 JMP DOWN
******************************** ** * Alarm dec. (hours/minutes).* ** ********************************
ALARM SET-UP ?
NO, ALARM DISPLAY ?
NO, STANDBY ?
NO, FREQ. MODE ?
YES, STEP DOWN
YES, SET-UP HOURS ?
NO, MINUTES
10 SECOND TIMEOUT
SET DISPLAY TRANSIENT FLAG
DEMUTE
PS EDIT CHARACTER CHANGE ?
STAT4,$20,ALSU2
STAT4,$40,IHRD
#80
42
AN494 MOTOROLA
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
******************************** ** * Program number decrement. * ** ********************************
CONTD BSET PORTA,Y,$10 LDAA LED
BRSET STAT2,$80,RETUNE PNM1 DECA
BPL SK2P
LDAA #9 SK2P STAA LED
RETUNE PSHA
LDAB #120
JSR WRITE1
PULA
BRCLR STAT4,$80,RETUNE2 BCLR STAT4,$80
LDAA #9
STAA REARET
RTS
RETUNE2 JSR DOIT JSR P5170
LDX #64
JSR SKDB
BCLR PORTA,Y,$10 BCLR STAT2,$02 BCLR STAT3,$01 BCLR STAT,$10 RTS
FOK LDAB #10 MUL
ADDB #$5C STAB SMEM ADCA #$26 STAA SMEM+1 JMP NEW
******************************** ** * Tune to TA (using EEPROM data)* ** ********************************
TASW CLRB
TPIC ADDB #10
JSR READ1 INCB
CMPA PION BNE TNP DECB
JSR READ1 CMPA PION+1 BNE TNP SUBB #12 JSR READ1 PSHA
ANDA #$80 BEQ TASOK LDAA #8 BRA ABTA
TASOK PULA
STAA SMEM+1
JSR NEWSUB2 JMP NEW
TNP CMPB #252 BLO TPIC
PSHA
LDAA #7 ABTA STAA REARET
PULA
MUTE
PROG. No. DECREMENT
IF SWITCHED TO TA DON’T DECREMENT
DECREMENT PROGRAM NUMBER
TOO FAR ?
SAVE NEW PROGRAM NUMBER
CHANGE PROGRAM NUMBER IN NVM
AN494 MOTOROLA
FIND PI
MSB OK ?
LSB OK ?
YES, FOUND IT
NVM INHIBIT FLAG SET ?
NVM INHIBIT MESSAGE
TRY NEXT RECORD
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43
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
TA SWITCHED
YES, MANUAL
NEW PROGRAM
WAIT 100ms
?
RETURN FROM TA
DEMUTE
KILL ANY PENDING RDS GROUP
AND INHIBIT FM PS-NAME CLEARING
RE-ENABLE RDS DATA CLEARING
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Application Note
STORE BCLR BRCLR
BSET SKTA LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
CMPA
BEQ
CMPA
BNE
PSNOK LDAA JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
BRA
PSOK JRS LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
JSR
LDAA
FINST JSR BCLR
SMEM+1,$80
STAT5,$20,SKTA
SMEM+1,$80
SMEM+1
WRITE1
SMEM
WRITE1
PSN
#$A0
PSNOK
#$FF
PSOK
#$FF
WRITE1
DISP+10
WRITE1
DISP+11
WRITE1
DISP+12
WRITE1
DISP+13
WRITE1
DISP+14
WRITE1
DISP+15
WRITE1
#$20
WRITE1
#$00
WRITE1
#$00
FINST
WRITE1
PSN+1
WRITE1
PSN+2
WRITE1
PSN+3
WRITE1
PSN+4
WRITE1
PSN+5
WRITE1
PSN+6
WRITE1
PSN+7
WRITE1
PI
WRITE1
PI+1
WRITE1
STAT5,$40
TA NVM INHIBIT FLAG SET ?
BINARY FREQUENCY MSB
BINARY FREQUENCY LSB
PS NAME OK ?
PERHAPS, TRY FF
BCLR STAT4,$80 RTS
******************************** ** * Program store/recall. * ** *******************************
PI MATCH NOT FOUND, FORGET IT
DOIT BRSET
LDAB #12
MUL
BRSET STAT5,$40,STORE JMP RECALL
******************************** ** * NVW write, sub-address in X. * ** ********************************
RTS
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
STAT2,$80,TASW
DUMMY PI CODE
PI CODE
CLEAR STORE MODE
44
AN494 MOTOROLA
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
******************************** ** * NVW read, sub-address in X. * ** ********************************
RECALL BSR
JMP NEW
NEWSUB JSR
STAA SMEM+1
BCLR STAT5,$20
BRCLR SMEM+1,$80,NEWSUB2 BSET STAT5,$20
NEWSUB2 JSR
CMPA #$FF
BNE NOTFF2 LDAA #$26 STAA SMEM+1 LDAA #$5C
NOTFF2 STAA
JSR READ1
STAA PSN JSR READ1 STAA PSN+1 JSR READ1 STAA PSN+2 JSR READ1 STAA PSN+3 JSR READ1 STAA PSN+4 JSR READ1 STAA PSN+5 JSR READ1 STAA PSN+6 JSR READ1 STAA PSN+7 RTS
******************************** ** * NVW read & write one byte. * ** ********************************
READ1 JSR
LDAA 0,X
INCB RTS
WRITE1 LDY
BSET PPROG,Y,$16
BSR WBYTE
JSR DBOUNC BSET PPROG,Y,$02 DECB
WBYTE JSR
STAA 0,X
BSET PPROG,Y,$01 JSR DBOUNC
CLR PPROG,Y INCB
RTS
GETAD PSHA PSHB
AN494 MOTOROLA
45
JSR BAND LDX #$B618 TBA
CMPA #1 BLS FMB LDAB #122 ABX
CMPA #2 BEQ FMB
NEWSUB
READ1
READ1
SMEM
GETAD
#$1000
GETAD
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
$04 $2E
SET EELAT, ERASE & BYTE ERASE BITS
ERASE BYTE
WAIT 15 ms
SET EELAT TO WRITE BYTE
LATCH DATA
SET EEPGM BIT TO START PROGRAMMING
WAIT 15 ms
STOP
GET BAND
EEPROM START ADDRESS
FM ? NO, AM MW ?
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Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
PORTD,Y,$20,SRT BRCLR STAT2,$04,NORT
NOTRT BSET
LDAA RTDIS
INCA
CMPA #26
BEQ NORT STAA RTDIS LDAA #100 STAA DIST BSET STAT4,$01 RTS
NORT JSR
BSET STAT2,$04
LDAA #9 STAA DISP1 LDAA #1 STAA DISP2 RTS
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
ABX
BRCLR PORTE,Y,$40,SWB2 ABX
SWB2
* BRCLR PORTE,Y,$80,FMB
* ABX
* ABX
FMB PULB
PULA ABX RTS
******************************** ** * RDS displays. * ** ********************************
NO, SW
SECOND BANK ?
YES
SECOND PAIR OF BANKS ?
YES
STANDBY ?
ALREADY RDS DISPLAY ?
ALREADY RT DISPLAY ?
SET RDS DISPLAY FLAG
YES, MOVE ON
RE-START TRANSIENT TIMEOUT
SET RT DISPLAY FLAG
RTDSP BRSET
BRSET STAT5,$02,NOTRT
STAT5,$02
CLTR
************************************* ** * Increment and decrement routines. * ** *************************************
UP BSR LDXR
IF INC BNE INC
TT1 DECB BNE
SMEM
TT1
SMEM+1
NO, INCREMENT LSB
DID IT WRAP ROUND
YES, INCREMENT MSB
ALL DONE ?
NO, IS LSB ZERO ?
IF NOT LEAVE MSD
DECREMENT MSB
DECREMENT LSB
ALL DONE ?
DEMUTE
AM ?
YES, CLEAR PS NAME
NO, FM, ENABLE PS NAME CLEARING
GET BAND
SINGLE STEP (1,5,10 kHz FOR MW,SW,FM)
LARGE STEPS SELECTED ?
YES, BAND 3 (SW) ?
DF TST BNE DEC TT2 DEC
DECB
SMEM
TT2
SMEM+1
SMEM
LDXR2 BSET NFMB JSR TBA
STAT3,$01
BAND
#1
STAT,$02,SRT
#3
IF BRA NEWJ
DOWN BSR LDXR
BNE
NEWJ JSR NEW
BCLR RTS
LDXR BRCLR BSET
PORTA,Y,$10
STAT6,$08,LDXR2
DF JSR P5170
STAT2,$40 BRA NFMB
LDAB
BRCLR
CMPA
46
AN494 MOTOROLA
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
BEQ SRT
LDAB #5
CMPA #2
BNE SRT
LDAB #9
BRCLR STAT6,$40,SRT INCB
SRT RTS
******************************** ** * TAtest. * ** ********************************
NO, x5 STEP (50 kHz FOR FM)
MW ?
YES, 9kHz
OR SHOULD IT BE 10kHz
YES
STANDBY ?
CLYDE 1
TA SWITCHING ENABLED ?
NO, SET RETURN REASON
YES, DO IT
ALARM DISPAY ?
YES, ALARM ARMED ?
YES, ALREADY SET-UP MODE ?
NO, ENTER SET-UP MODE, HOURS
YES, SET-UP HOURS ?
NO, CANCEL SET-UP
YES, MAKE IT MINUTES
STANDBY ?
NO, FREQUENCY MODE ?
YES, STORE MODE ?
NO, ENTER STORE MODE
SAVE
NOT FREQUENCY MODE
SET
UP
PS-NAME CHANGE MODE
SET DISPLAY TRANSIENT FLAG
TEST BRSET
LDD #$C5B1
STD PION
BRSET STAT4,$04,NABT LDAA #1
STAA REARET
AOB RTS NABT BSET
RTS
STAT4,$80
******************************** ** * Store key. * ** ********************************
SAVE BRCLR STAT4,$08,NAME BRCLR STAT4,$10,NTB2 BRSET STAT4,$20,AISM
BSET STAT4,$60 A5SD LDAA #80
BRA SDT
AISM BRSET STAT4,$40,MSM BCLR STAT4,$20
BRA A5SD
MSM BCLR STAT4,$40
BRA A5SD
NAME BRSET PORTD,Y,$20,NTB2 BRSET STAT,$01,NFM
BRSET STAT5,$40,ASM BSET STAT5,$40 RTS
ASM LDAA LED JMP DOIT
NFM LDAA PSNP BNE SKPCLR
JSR CLTR SKPCLR INC PSNP LDAA PSNP
CMPA #8 BLS NTB3 CLR PSNP
NTB3 LDAA #80 SDT STAA DIST
BSET STAT4,$01 NTB2 RTS
AN494 MOTOROLA
******************************************* ** * PROG, the displayed number is added to * * the IF offset, converted to binary and * * stored in SMEM & SMEM+1. * ** * NEW takes binary working frequency * * in SMEM & SMEM+1 converts it to BCD and * * subtracts the IF offset. * ** *******************************************
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47
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
PORTD,Y,$20,AOB
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
IPO BSR BRSET
CMPB BHI LDAB
BAND
PORTA,Y,$04,NOTN
#1
NOTN
#4
NOTN LDAA #6 MUL
LDX #1FS ABX
LDY #RP
FIND BAND
NEGATIVE FM IF ?
YES
BUT IS IT FM ?
YES, FIFTH IS FROM TABLE
TIMES 6
TRANSFER
INTO RP
DONE ?
RE-INITIALISE Y
SET-UP POINTERS
10.70 MHz FM OSC HIGH
10.70 MHz FM OSC HIGH
455 kHz SW/MW
10.70 MHz SW (EXT/5 FOR 5157)
–10.70 MHz FM OSC LOW
GET BAND
BAND 3 (SW, /5) ?
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LP6 LDAA STAA
0,X 0,Y
INX
INY
CPY #RP+6
BLO
LDY
LDX
STX NUM2 LDX #RQ STX NUM1 RTS
IFS FCB FCB FCB FCB FCB
BAND LDAB
ANDB #$03
LDX #RQ STX NUM2
LP6
#$1000
#RP
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
PROG BRSET STAT,$01,NEW JSR IFO
JSR ADB
JSR BAND BNE ONE JSR ADD LDX #5
LPP LDAA RQ-1,X STAA RQ,X
STATION MODE ?
P < IF OFFSET
Q < FREQ + IF
BAND 3 (SW) ?
YES, DIVIDE BY 5, Q < 2 X (FREQ + IF)
MOVE ALL DIGITS
IN Q DOWN ONE DEX PLACE TO DEVIDE
BNE LPP ONE JSR BCON NEW JSR DCON
JSR BAND BNE STIF STX NUM1 LDX #RP JSR ADD LDX #RP STX NUM1 LDX #RQ JSR ADD LDX #RQ JSR ADD
STIF JSR IFO BSET STAT,$04
JMP SUB
BY 10 (Q < Q/5)
CONVERT Q TO BINARY
CONVERT TO BCD IN Q
******************************************* ** * The IF offset is selected according to * * the required band and placed in “RP.” * ** *******************************************
0,0,1,0,7,0
0,0,1,0,7,0
0,0,0,4,5,5
0,1,0,7,0,0
9,9,8,9,3,0
PORTA,Y
BAND 3 YES
P< 2Q
Q< 3Q Q< 5Q
(SW) ?
OFFSET
Q< (RATIO X STEP) -IF
P< IF
48
AN494 MOTOROLA
CMPB RTS
#3
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
******************************** ** * Mode change & clear routines.* ** ********************************
MODE BRSET
JSR CLTR
STANDBY ?
SEND DISPLAYED FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY MODE ?
NO, SET TO FREQUENCY MODE
FREQ. MODE, CLEAR STORE MODE
NEW FREQUENCY ENTERED ?
YES, MUTE
WAIT 15ms
WAIT 100ms
DE-MUTE
AND KILL ANY PENDING RDS GROUP
CLEAR RETUNE FLAG
NO, RETURN TO STATION MODE
CANCEL STORE MODE
STANDBY ?
NO, STATION MODE ?
FREQUENCY CHANGED
NO, CLEAR Q
CLEAR DISPLAY TRANSIENTS
9 (MW), 50 (FM) kHz STEPS
1 (MW), 10 (FM) kHz STEPS
CLEAR RQ
CLEAR 6 BYTES
STARTING AT X
DONE ?
CLEAR DISPLAY TRANSIENT FLAG
CANCEL RT DISPLAY
NOT ALARM (DISPLAY OR SET-UP)
NOT RT OR SLEEP DISPLAY
NOT PS-EDIT
PORTD,Y,$20,CLP JSR PROG
SKIP BRCLR
BCLR STAT,$01
RTS
SK BCLR
BRCLR STAT5,$10,NNTR
BSET PORTA,Y,$10 JSR DBNC
JSR P5170
LDX #64
JSR SKDB
BCLR PORTA,Y,$10 BCLR STAT2,$02
SKSM BCLR RTS
NNTR BSET
BCLR STAT5,$40
RTS
CLEAR BRSET
BRSET STAT,$01,SM
CLAL BSR SM LDAA
CLQ
SPCC JSR
BRSET STAT,$02,KHZ
BSET STAT,$02 RTS
KHZ BCLR
CLP RTS
CLQ LDX
CLRAS LDAA
STAT,$02
#RQ
CR CLR INX
0,X
CLTR BCLR CLTR2 BCLR
STAT4,$01
L2 LDAA LSLA
SMEM LS BYTE 2xLSB
AN494 MOTOROLA
49
#06 STAA COUNT
DEC COUNT BNE CR RTS
STAT2,$04 CLR RTDIS
BCLR STAT4,$28 BCLR STAT5,$06 CLR PSNP
RTS
CLTR
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
STAT,$01,SK
STAT5,$40
STAT5,$10
STAT,$01
PORTD,Y,$20,CLP BSET STAT5,$10
PSNP BEQ SPCC
JSR PSC
******************************************** ** * BCD to binary conversion. No, in “RQ” is * * converted to binary in SMEM & SMEM+1. * ** ********************************************
BCON CLR
CLR SMEM+1 FREQUENCY LOCATIONS LDX #0
STAA W1 ROL SMEM+1 LDAA SMEM+1 STAA W2
SAVE 2xLSB
2xMS BYTE
SAVE 2xMSB
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
SMEM CLEAR WORKING
Application Note Code Listing
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
#$FF LDAB COUNT
JSR WRITE1 INC COUNT BNE CLOP CLRA
LDAB #120 JMP WRITE1
CLEAR MAX. PROG. No.
CLR INC BRA
CARRY
CARRY
AD
ADD CLR CARRY
STX
AD LDAB #$06
LDX
STX W3
LDAA 5,X DEX
STX W3 LDX W4
NUM2 STX W4 LOOP LDX W3
LDX
ADDA
DEX
STX W4
W5
NUM1
5,X
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
CLRNVW CLR CLOP LDAA
COUNT
LDAA W1 LSLA
ROL SMEM+1 LSLA
ROL SMEM+1 ADDA W1 STAA SMEM LDAA SMEM+1 ADCA W2 STAA SMEM+1 ADCA W2 STAA SMEM+1 INX
LDAA RQ,X ADDA SMEM STAA SMEM LDAA #0 ADCA SMEM+1 STAA SMEM+1 CPX #5 BNE L2 RTS
******************************** ** * Clear NVM – not used. * ** ********************************
2xLSB
4xLSB
4xMSB
8xLSB
8xMSB
10xLSB
10xMSB
FETCH
NEXT
DIGIT
AND
(CLRA CLEARS THE C BIT)
ADD IT TO WORKING
FREQUENCY
DONE ?
******************************************** ** * Addition and subtraction of BCD numbers. * ** ********************************************
SUB STX
COM2 LDX
COMP LDAB
LOOP3 LDAA #$09
ANSWER POINTER
9S COMPLIMENT
SECOND NUMBER
SUBTRACT FROM 9
AND PUT IT BACK
SET CARRY TO ONE
BEFORE ADDING
ADD FIRST NUMBER
ANSWER POINTER
1st No. POINTER
2nd No. POINTER
ADD
SET ON ADDITION OVERFLOW
OR POS. RESULT SUBTRACTION
DECIMAL ADJUST
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SUBA
STAA
DEX
DECB
BNE LOOP3
W5 NUM2 #$06
5,X 5,X
50
AN494 MOTOROLA
ADDA CLR BSR
CARRY
CARRY
ADJ
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
DBOUNC LDX SKDB STX DLP LDX DLOOP BRN
#10 APPROX 15mS WITH A 8.388 MHz XTAL W6 X x 1.5mS
#$FF PAUSE
” 256X12
LDX W5 STAA 5,X DEX
STX W5 DECB
BNE LOOP RTS
SAVE ANSWER
DONE ?
YES, SUBTRACT 10
AND RECORD CARRY
10 OR MORE ? NO
AJ SUBA
INC CARRY
ADJ CMPA
BHS AJ
RTS
BRN ” DEX
BNE DLOOP DEC W6+1 BNE DLP
ABO RTS
CYCLES
AN494 MOTOROLA
51
LDAA #0
BSR SQU8I
BSET PORTB,Y,$10
#10
#10
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
****************************************** ** * Current binary divide ratio in SMEM & * * SMEM+1 is converted to decimal in RQ. * ** ******************************************
DCON LDAA SMEM+1 STAA W2
LDAA SMEM
STAA W1 DCON2 LDX #RR
STX NUM1 JSR CLRAS INC RR+5 JSR CLQ LDAA #14 STAA W6
LOOP2 LSR W2 ROR W1
BCC NXT LDX #RQ STX NUM2 BSR ADD
NXT LDX #RR STX NUM2
BSR ADD DEC W6 BNE LOOP2 RTS
******************************** ** * Delay (X x 1.5mS). * ** ********************************
TRANSFER CURRENT
FREQUENCY DIVIDE
RATIO INTO
WORKING AREA
CLEAR
RR
RR <- 1
CLEAR RQ
14 BITS TO CONVERT
MOVE OUT
FIRST (LS) BIT
ZERO
ONE, ADD
CURRENT VALUE
OF RR
ADD RR
TO
ITSELF
ALL
DONE ?
DBNC LDX
BRA SKDB
#100 150mS
******************************************* ** * Serial output routine to the MC145170. * ** *******************************************
P5170 BCLR
BCLR PORTB,Y,$10
CLOCK LOW
LE LOW
CLEAR
CONTROL REGISTER
LATCH IT
PORTB,Y,$01
Application Note Code Listing
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
P5157
SQU7I LSLA LDAB S1I LSLA
BCC
BSET S21 BSET BCLR
#7
S2I
PORTB,Y,$02
PORTB,Y,$01
PORTB,Y,$01
SQU7 LSLA LDAB
S1 LSLA
BCC
BSET
S2 BCLR BSET
#7
S2
PORTB,Y,$02
PORTB,Y,$01
PORTB,Y,$01
BCLR PORTB,Y,$02 DECB
BNE RTS
SQU8 LDAB
BRA S1
BCLR PORTB,Y,$02 DECB
BNE RTS
S1
#8
S1I
#8
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
BCLR PORTB,Y,$10 LDAA SMEM+1 ANDA #$7F
BSR SQU8I
LDAA SMEM
BSR SQU8I
BSET PORTB,Y,$10
BCLR PORTB,Y,$10 LDAA #$03
BSR SQU7I
LDAA #$20
BSR SQU8I
BSET PORTB,Y,$10
LE LOW
SEND MSBYTE
AND LSBYTE OF
NEW FREQUENCY
LATCH IT
LE LOW
SEND
REFERENCE
DIVIDE RATIO
800 = 8MHz/10kHz
LATCH IT
****************************************** ** * Serial output routine to the MC145157. * *** ******************************************
LDAA SMEM LSLA
STAA W4 LDAA SMEM+1 ROLA
BSR SQU7
LDAA W4
BSR SQU8
BSET PORTB,Y,$08 BCLR PORTB,Y,$08 LDAA #$4E
BSR SQU7
LDAA #$21
BSR SQU8
BSET PORTB,Y,$08 BCLR PORTB,Y,$08 RTS
TRANSFER
MEM+1 TO
LOCATIONS AND MOVE
UP ONE BIT TO INCLUDE
THE 5157 CONTROL BIT.
SEND MSBYTE (7 BITS)
AND LSBYTE OF
NEW FREQUENCY
LATCH
IT
SEND 15 BIT (14+1)
REFERENCE
DIVIDE RATIO
LATCH IT
ALL LOW (5157/70 SWITCHED OFF)
************************************** ** * Subroutines for the MC145157/170. * ** **************************************
SQU8I LDAB
BRA S1I
SEND 8 BITS
MOVE OUT MS BIT
AND SEND OTHER 7
MOVE I BIT INTO “C”
ZERO ?
NO
CLOCK
IT
ANY MORE ?
SEND 8 BITS
MOVE OUT MS BIT
AND SEND OTHER 7
MOVE 1 BIT INTO “C”
ZERO ?
NO
CLOCK
IT
ANY MORE ?
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
SMEM AND
TEMPORARY
52
AN494 MOTOROLA
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
RTS CBH BCLR
RTS
STAT6,$40
******************************** ** * Toggle 9/10 kHz step (MW). * ** ********************************
T910 BRSET
BSET STAT6,$40
* SECTION .VECT
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP TINTB
* JMP SDATA
* JMP SHAFTX
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
* JMP START
******************************** ***
* * MC68HC11E32 Vectors. * ***
******************************** SECTION .VECT2
SCI SPI PULSE
* ORG
$FFD6
AN494 MOTOROLA
53
FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START
SCI SPI PULSE
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
STAT6,$40,CBH
****************************************************************************
*
* LINK batch files (RLE.BAT & RDE.LD) and PCBUG11 Vectors. * **
* ILD11 RADE.O FNCE.O RDSE.O -MKUF E32.MAP -G RDE -O RDE.OUT *
* IHEX RDE.OUT -O RDE.0 *
* TYPE E32.MAP * **
*
* E32 * $9000 * $9c00 * $A000 * – * ($FFD6) * ** ****************************************************************************
* section .RAM1 BSS origin 0x0000
* section .RAM2 BSS origin 0x0100
* section .RAM3 BSS origin 0x0200
* section .ROM1 origin 0xD000
* section .ROM2 origin 0xE000
* section .ROM3 origin 0xF000
* section .VECT origin 0xBFC1
* section .VECT2 origin 0xFFD6
ACCUMULATOR EDGE
“ “ OVER
TIMER OVER
” IC4/OC5
” OC4
” OC3
” OC2
” OC1
” IC3
” IC2
” IC1
RTI
IRQ
NOT USED,
SWI
ILLEGAL OP CODE
COP
CLOCK
RESET
XIRQ USED BY
MONITOR
ACCUMULATOR EDGE
PCbug11
” ” TIMER OVER
” IC4/OC5
” OC4
” OC3
” OC2
” OC1
” IC3
” IC2
OVER
Application Note Code Listing
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
.RAM1
.RAM2
.RAM3
.ROM1
.VECT2
A5SD
A7
ABO
ABO3
ABOA
ABTA
AD
ADD
ADJ
ADON
AGS
AISM
AJ
ALARM
ALOF
ALRON
ALSU1
ALSU2
AMIN
ANTI
AOB
AOUR
ARI
ASM
BAND
BCON
BCTO
BD3
BIT
BMJD
BTO
CARRY
CBCD I
CBH
CE6
CG6
CHE
CLAL
CLEAR
CLOCK I
CLOOP
CLOP
CLP
CLQ
CLRAS
CLREON I
CLRNVM
54
Symbol table
1 00000000 | CONTD
2 00000000 | CONTI
3 00000000 | COUNT
4 00000000 | CPSL
5 00000000 | CR
4 00000847 | CTAB
4 00000524 | DAT
4 00000aa7 | DBNC
4 00000470 | DBOUNC
4 000003a3 | DCON
4 0000065c | DCON2
4 00000a24 | DECS
4 00000a1f | DEL500
4 00000a53 | DF
4 00000393 | DI
4 0000044e | DIG2
4 0000084b | DIGIT
4 00000a4e | DISP
4 00000381 | DISP1
4 0000038e | DISP2
4 000003be | DISPP
4 000004a5 | DIST
4 00000569 | DLOOP
1 00000072 | DLP
4 00000191 | DMD
4 00000833 | DMI
1 00000073 | DNT
4 00000220 | DNT2
4 0000086a | DOIT
4 00000926 | DOM
4 000009b6 | DOW
1 000000ac | DOWN
4 000001ec | DR1
1 00000068 | E6L
1 00000000 | EON
4 00000201 | EXIT
1 00000099 | FINST
0 00000000 | FLN
4 00000b45 | FMB
4 000001ec | FOK
4 000001c8 | FULON
4 000001e6 | GETAD
4 0000097b | GON2
4 0000096f | GOON
0 00000000 | GOON2
4 0000005a | GOON3
4 000009f5 | GROUP
4 00000992 | H2L
4 00000993 | HIGH
4 00000996 | HTOH
0 00000000 | HZ
4 000009f2 | IDLE
E
4 000005df | INSLP
4 00000529 | IOK
1 0000009a | IOOK
4 000003cc | IRQ
4 0000099a | ITMP1
4 00000325 | KBD
1 0000004b | KCLC
4 00000a8e | KEY
4 00000a93 | KEY1
4 00000a58 | KEYP
4 00000a60 | KEYP2
4 0000040d | KHZ
4 00000471 | KOUNT
4 000007e0 | L1
1 000000a4 | L2
1 00000098 | L5
4 00000426 | L6
3 00000000 | LAST
1 00000074 | LDRX
1 00000075 | LDXR2
3 00000010 | LED
1 00000047 | LEV
4 00000a9b | LOOP
4 00000a98 | LOOP2
4 00000594 | LOOP3
4 000004d2 | LP6
4 000002f4 | LPP
4 000002ed | M8
4 00000663 | MAK20
1 00000044 | MAK2E
1 00000046 | MAK30
4 000007de | MAK41
4 00000466 | MAK61
4 000001fa | MIN
2 00000000 | MJD
4 000002ab | MJDAT
4 000006fb | MKE20
4 00000122 | MKE2E
4 0000079b | MKE39
4 0000061d | MKE5A
4 0000010f | MKE7A
4 00000780 | MNTH
4 000002c8 | MOD
4 000002e4 | MODE
4 000002d0 | MSH
4 000002de | MSM
1 00000057 | MZ
4 00000032 | NABT
4 000003e9 | NACS
4 000004c4 | NACS2
4 00000586 | NAME
4 000000ac | NDU
4 000003fe | NNTR
4 0000053c | NO2D
4 0000022e | NOPS
4 00000006 | NORT
1 00000069 | NOTCH
4 0000026f | NOTFF2
4 000002f3 | NOTN
1 00000096 | NOTRT
4 00000279 | NOTSNZ
4 000002f5 | NRDSP
4 000002f7 | NRML
4 0000098f | NS1
1 00000097 | NSRO
4 00000298 | NT1
4 000009bf | NT2
4 000001b8 | NT2J
4 000001d6 | NTB2
4 0000037d | NTB3
4 000007f9 | NUM1
4 00000802 | NUM2
1 0000009f | NWA
1 00000067 | NWWS
4 00000a2e | NXT
4 00000a72 | OK6
4 00000a0d | ONAG
4 000008eb | ONE
4 0000089f | ONOFF
4 00000079 | OUR
4 000004fe | OUTCH
4 00000502 | P
4 00000506 | P5157
4 0000050a | P5170
4 0000050e | PDEC
1 00000070 | PDEC2
1 00000030 | PI
0 00000000 | PIN
4 000005c0 | PINC
4 000005c4 | PINC2
4 000005d0 | PINOK1
4 000005c8 | PION
4 000005cc | PJ
1 00000042 | PNM1
0 00000000 | PROC
4 00000933 | PROG
4 00000238 | PSC
4 00000854 | PSN
4 00000577 | PSN0
4 00000834 | PSN1
4 000004d3 | PSNOK
4 00000595 | PSNP
4 00000859 | PSOK
4 000000db | PTY
4 00000968 | RECALL
4 000000c6 | RETUNE
4 000000d1 | RETUNE2
4 000007c0 | RJ
4 000002bc | RKEY
4 00000723 | RP
4 000008e0 | RPT
4 000007ac | RQ
4 000000e0 | RR
4 0000019b | RT
4 000002c0 | RTDIS
4 000003ea | RTDSP
4 00000194 | S1
4 00000165 | S1I
4 0000017b | S2
4 000000e4 | S2I
4 00000889 | SAVE
4 00000882 | SCHAN
1 0000009b | SCNT
1 0000009d | SDATA
4 000000f1 | SDT
4 00000173 | SEC
4 00000a81 | SEM
4 0000020b | SHAFT
4 00000101 | SHAFTX
4 000008a6 | SHIFT
4 000003a4 | SK
1 00000071 | SK2P
4 000005d6 | SKDB
1 00000015 | SKIP
4 00000ada | SKP
4 00000aa8 | SKPCLR
4 00000555 | SKSM
4 00000541 | SKTA
1 00000061 | SLEEP
1 00000065 | SLEP
4 00000491 | SLEPT
4 0000047d | SLPTOK
4 00000161 | SM
1 00000063 | SMEM
4 0000031d | SODM
4 000005e9 | SOK
0 00000000 | SPCC
4 0000088a | SQU7
4 000003c7 | SQU7I
3 00000020 | SQU8
4 000004d7 | SQU8I
4 00000599 | SRT
4 00000690 | START
1 0000004a | STAT
4 000006c7 | STAT2
1 0000005f | STAT3
4 00000702
4 000005f0
4 00000603
4 0000030a
4 000002ea
1 0000007c
4 00000309
1 00000076
1 00000082
3 00000028
1 000000a3
4 0000079f
4 00000b26
4 00000b08
4 00000b2d
4 00000b0f
4 00000838
1 000000a5
1 000000ad
0 00000000
4 00000884
1 0000006f
4 00000257
4 0000024d
4 0000025e
4 0000044a
4 00000946
4 000005ee
4 00000a96
4 0000093e
4 0000045c
4 00000876
4 00000964
4 0000067b
4 000003f6
4 00000400
1 00000048
4 00000415
4 0000097d
1 000000a0
4 000003b2
4 00000148
4 00000984
4 00000b23
4 00000b05
4 00000b1f
4 00000b01
4 00000820
4 00000009
1 000000a6
1 000000a7
1 000000a8
AN494 MOTOROLA
256) .RAM2 109) .RAM3 2889) .ROM1 42) .VECT2
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Application Note
FDB START FDB TINTB FDB SDATA FDB SHAFTX FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START FDB START
END
Section synopsis 174) .RAM1
” IC1
RTI
IRQ
XIRQ
SWI
ILLEGAL OP CODE
COP
CLOCK MONITOR
RESET
I
I
I
E
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
CLTR E
CLTR2
CNTB
CNTS
COM2
COMP
CONF
SUB
SWB2
SYN
T5S
T5SD
T910
TAEH
TASOK
TASW
TATP
4 000009a3
4 000009a6
4 00000510
4 000005d2
4 00000a09
4 00000a0b
1 0000006c
4 00000a07
4 0000079b
1 0000006a
4 000004c7
4 00000589
4 00000b3d
4 000003e6
4 0000064c
4 0000062b
4 0000022a
| IDLJ
| IF
| IFO
| IFS
| IHR
| IHRD
| INITD
| TATP
| TBH
| TEM
| TEST
| TFCC
| TH32
| TH8
| TINTB
| TMP
4 0000023c | NEW E
4 000007d1 | NEWJ
4 000008d3 | NEWSUB
4 00000908 | NEWSUB2
4 000004b9 | NFM
4 0000057d | NFMB
I 0 00000000 | NNT2
4 0000022a | TMPGRP
4 000000be | TMQ
4 0000025a | TMRB
4 00000821 | TNP
I 0 00000000 | TOG57
1 0000006d | TOG57J
1 0000006e | TOOH
I 0 00000000 | TPEN
1 0000001e | TPIC
4 000008a9 | PTYCMP
4 000007ee | Q
4 00000707 | R
4 00000716 | RCLP
4 0000086f | RDSTO
4 00000805 | READ1
4 000000e7 | REARET
1 0000004f | TPOF
1 0000000c | TPOK
4 00000003 | TT1
4 00000655 | TT2
4 00000517 | UDCNT
4 00000495 | UP
4 000004b4 | W1
4 000003d5 | W2
4 0000062c | W3
Application Note Code Listing
1 000000a9
1 000000aa
1 000000ab
4 000008ca
4 00000671
4 00000405
4 00000000
1 0000008e
1 00000090
1 00000092
1 00000094
0 00000000
4 0000076f
4 0000075d
4 00000268
4 0000026b
AN494 MOTOROLA
55
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
1 00000060 | STAT4
1 00000003 | STAT5
1 00000027 | STAT6
4 0000023f | STIF
1 00000049 | STORE
4 00000756 | STR
1 000000a2 | STRST
4 000003f2 | W4
4 00000155 | W5
4 000007d9 | W6
4 000007e8 | W7
4 00000399 | WAIT I
4 000007cf | WBYTE
1 00000088 | WRITE1
1 0000008a | XEM
1 0000008c | YEM
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc...
Application Note
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in Motorola data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
How to reach us:
USA/EUROPE/Locations Not Listed: Motorola Literature Distribution; P.O. Box 5405, Denver, Colorado 80217. 1-303-675-2140 or 1-800-441-2447
JAPAN: Motorola Japan Ltd.; SPS, Technical Information Center, 3-20-1, Minami-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8573 Japan. 81-3-3440-3569 ASIA/PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; Silicon Harbour Centre, 2 Dai King Street, Tai Po Industrial Estate, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong.
852-26668334
Technical Information Center: 1-800-521-6274
HOME PAGE: http://www.motorola.com/semiconductors/
For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com
© Motorola, Inc., 2001 AN494/D
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc... NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENT REQUIRED
